philos 1e midterm chatgpt

What is Socrates' main message in the Apology?

Examine your life and question your beliefs.

What does Socrates mean by the gadfly metaphor?

He challenges Athens to think critically and examine itself.

What does "apology" mean in Plato's Apology?

A defense, not an expression of regret.

What were Socrates' two main charges?

Not believing in the city's gods and corrupting the youth.

What is Epicureanism?

Pleasure is the highest good, and pain should be minimized.

How does Epicurus understand death?

Death is not experienced; where death is, we are not.

What is Stoicism?

Live according to reason and nature; accept what you cannot control.

What is Epictetus' key distinction?

Some things are within our control; others are not.

What do Cynics reject?

Social conventions and material excess in favor of virtue and self-control.

What is Skepticism's goal?

Withhold judgment (epochē) to achieve tranquility.

What is Aristotle's eudaimonia?

Human flourishing through rational activity in accordance with virtue.

How are moral virtues developed for Aristotle?

Through habit and practice.

What is Aristotle's doctrine of the mean?

Virtue lies between excess and deficiency, relative to the situation.

Give Aristotle's example of the mean.

Courage lies between rashness and cowardice.

What is the difference between intellectual and moral virtue?

Intellectual virtue develops through teaching; moral virtue through habit.

What is a premise?

A statement offered as support for a conclusion.

What is a conclusion?

The claim an argument's premises are meant to support.

What is a deductive argument?

An argument intended to make its conclusion follow necessarily.

What is an inductive argument?

An argument that supports a conclusion as probable.

What is an abductive argument?

An inference to the best explanation.

What is a valid argument?

True premises cannot lead to a false conclusion.

What is a sound argument?

A valid argument with all true premises.

What is begging the question?

Assuming the conclusion within the argument's premises.

What is a priori knowledge?

Knowledge justified independently of sensory experience.

What is a posteriori knowledge?

Knowledge based on sensory experience.

What is the cosmological argument?

The universe requires a first cause or necessary being.

What is the fallacy of composition?

Assuming what is true of each part must be true of the whole.

Name one objection to the cosmological argument.

A first cause may not exist, or may not be the God described by religion.

What is the teleological argument?

Order and complexity in the universe suggest an intelligent designer.

Name one objection to the design argument?

Natural processes, including evolution, can explain apparent complexity.

What is the ontological argument?

Anselm argues that the greatest conceivable being must exist.

What is Gaunilo's perfect island objection?

Similar reasoning could wrongly be used to prove that a perfect island exists.

What is Kant's objection to the ontological argument?

Existence is not a predicate or ordinary property.

What is the problem of evil?

How can evil exist if God is all-powerful, all-knowing, and perfectly good?

What does omnipotence mean?

All-powerful.

What does omniscience mean?

All-knowing.

What does omnibenevolence mean?

Perfectly good.

What is moral evil?

Evil caused by human choices or actions.

What is natural evil?

Suffering caused by natural events, such as earthquakes or disease.

What is the free-will defense?

God permits freedom even though humans can choose evil.

What is the character-building response to evil?

Suffering may provide opportunities to develop virtues.

What is B.C. Johnson's challenge concerning evil?

He questions whether common defenses adequately explain why an all-good, all-powerful God permits suffering.

What is Marx's view of class inequality under capitalism?

Class inequality arises from conflict between those who own production and those who work.

Who controls economic power under capitalism, according to Marx?

The capitalist class, which owns the means of production.

Does Marx think elites will always dominate society?

No. Marx argues that class structures can change through historical and economic transformation.

What is the proletariat?

The working class, which sells its labor.

What is the bourgeoisie?

The capitalist class that owns the means of production.

What is Marx's basic idea about communism?

A classless society intended to overcome class exploitation and economic inequality.

According to Marx, can communism create a more equal society?

Yes. Marx envisioned overcoming class divisions, though this does not guarantee every form of inequality disappears.

Does Marx consider inequality inevitable?

No. Marx's theory argues that class inequality can be overcome by transforming the economic system.