ORGANIC CHEMISTY CHAPTER 8

what do all organic compounds contain?

carbon and hydrogen atoms

what are the four classes of hydrocarbons?

alkane, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic hydrocarbons

what is a hydrocarbon?

nonpolar compounds that only contains carbon and hydrogen

what are alkanes classified as?

saturated hydrocarbons with only single C-C bonds

what is Cn + H2n+2

molecular formula for alkanes

what is the molecular geometry of alkanes?

tetrahedral

which hydrocarbon only has single C-H or C-C bonds?

alkanes

definition of structural isomer

different atom connectivity, but the same molecular formula. They are different compounds, therefore, they have different properties

what bonds do cycloalkanes have?

3+ carbon atoms, each with 2 carbon-carbon single bonds and 2 C-H bonds

what type of bonds do alkenes contain and what is their molecular geometry?

one or more double bonds; trigonal planar

can alkenes freely rotate? why or why not?

no because they have double carbon bonds so they only form geometric isomers

what are geometric isomers?

molecules with the same atom connectivity but different spatial orientation

what is a cis isomer?

has 2 carbon and 2 hydrogen groups on the same side as the double bond.

what is a trans isomer?

has 2 carbons and 2 hydrogens on the opposite sides of the double bond.

which type of double bonds do most saturated fats and unsaturated fats have and why?

saturated - do not have double bonds

unsaturated- primarily cis bonds

what type of bonds do alkynes have?

Carbon triple bonds

aromatic hydrocarbons contain:

6 carbons and 6 delocalized electrons

what is the shape of an aromatic hydrocarbon?

flat

what to alkenes and alkynes have in common?

both are unsaturated hydrocarbons.

Alkanes

saturated hydrocarbons with only C-C and C-H single bonds

cycloalkanes

Saturated hydrocarbons with only C-C single bonds without the end hydrogens

what bond angle do alkanes have

109.5

structural isomers

same molecular formula but different atom connectivity, therefore different compounds entirely.

which will have the higher boiling point? a straight structural isomer or a branched structural isomer.

straight because it has an increased surface area and stronger dispersion forces.

alkynes. saturated or unsaturated? what bonding?

unsaturated hydrocarbon with at least one triple bonds.

what is the formula for alkynes?

Cn+H2n-2

what is the formula for alkenes?

Cn+H2n