Anatomy test 1- Dr. Farris

supine

laying on your back face upward

prone

laying on your belly face downward

superior

anything above midline

inferior

anything below midline

ventral (anterior)

toward the front of the body

dorsal (posterior)

toward the back of the body

medial

toward the midline of the body

lateral

away from the midline

intermediate

between a more medial and a more later structure

proximal

closer to the origin of the body part or point of attachment

distal

farther away from the origin of the body part or point of attachment

superficial (external)

toward or at the body surface

deep

away from the bodies surface

bilateral

two sided, affecting both sides equally

ipsilateral

located on the same side of the body

contralateral

on opposite side of the body

median (midsagittal) plane

body cut down the spine

frontal (coronal) plane

body cut in half but front and back

transverse plane

body cut in half at the waist separating top and bottom

cranial cavity

the entire skull

vertebral canal

the spinal chord and vertebrae

thoracic cavity

hear and chest region

pleural cavitites

lungs

pericardiac cavity

heart

abdominopelvic cavity

two parts, the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity

Body membranes

3 types:

visceral layer- covers an organ

parietal layer- lines a cavity or body wall

peritoneum- any membrane that touches any organ in the abdominal and pelvic regions

Abdominal subdivisions

4 major quadrants:

Right upper

Left upper

Right lower

left lower

9 regions:

right and left hypochondriac regions

epigastric region

right and left lumbar regions

umbilical region (navel)

right and left iliac regions

hypogastric region

cephalic

head

frontal

forehead

orbital

eye cavity

buccal

cheek

mental

chin

sternal

sternum

pectoral

chest

umbilical

navel

inguinal

groin

coxal

hip

sural

calf

crural

leg

pedal

foot

otic

ear

nasal

nose

oral

mouth

cervical

neck

acromial

point of the shoulder

axillary

armpit

mammary

breast

brachial

arm

antebrachial

forearm

abdominal

abs

antecubital

front of the elbow

carpal

wrist

palmar

palm

digital

finger, toe

genital

reproductive organs

pateller

front of knee

tarsal

instep

occipital

back of head

vertebral

spinal column

dorsum

back

cubital

elbow

lumbar

lower back

sacral

between the hips

gluteal

buttocks

perineal

between the gentials adn the anus

femoral

thigh

popliteal

back of the knee

plantar

sole

plasma membrane

outer limit of cell, controls what moves in and out of cells, selectively permeable, phospholipid bilayer

integral proteins

inserted into bilayer, most are transmembrane, channels, carriers, receptors, enzymes

peripheral proteins

not embedded in bilayer, include filaments, attach loosely to integral proteins

tight junctions

close space between cells; located among cells that form linings

desmosomes

form "spot welds" between cells; located among outer skin cells

gap junctions

tubular channels between cells; located in cardiac muscle cells

passive processes

require no cellular energy

simple diffusion

movement of substances from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration

facilitated diffusion

diffusion across a membrane with the help of a channel or carrier molecule

osmosis

movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration

osmotic pressure

ability of osmosis to generate enough pressure to move a volume of water

active transport

carrie molecules transport substances across a membrane from regions of lower concentration to regions of higher concentration

vesicular transport

large substances transported in vesicles

endocytosis

bringing substances into cells

phgocytosis

engulfing molecules/bacteria

pinocytosis

engulfing water

primary active transport

involves ATP and transport proteins to move substances against concentration gradient

secondary active transport

simultaneous movement of 2 substances through transport protein

membrane potential

difference in electrical charge across plasma membrane; resting membrane potential is 70mV

endoplasmic reticulum

transport system; rough ER- studded with ribosomes, protein synthesis; smooth ER- lipid synthesis

golgi apparatus

stack of flattened membranous sacs; modifies, packages and delivers proteins

vesicles

membranous sacs; store substances

mitochondria

membranous sacs with inner partitions; power house

cilia

short hair like projection; propel substances on cell surface

flagellum

long tail like projection from the cell

nucleus

control center of cell

nuclear envelope

porous double membrane; separates nucleoplasm from cytoplasm

nucleolus

dense collection of RNA and proteins; site of ribosome production

chromatin

fibers of DNA and proteins; stores information for synthesis of proteins

Epithelial tissue

covers organs and the body; lines body cavities; function in protection, secretion, absorption and excretion; two major types: covering and lining epithelium and glandular epithelium; 5 key characteristics: polarity= have apical (face the outside) surface and basal surface (face the basement membrane); specialized contacts= tight junctions and desmosomes; supported by connective tissue= rest upon and supported by connective tissue; avascular but innervated= contains no blood vessels; regeneration= epithelial are lost and regenerate quickly

glandular epithelium

composed of cells that are specialized to produce and secrete substance