EARLY REPUBLIC TEST

Tariff

A tax on imported goods.

John Jay

First Chief Justice of the Supreme Court; negotiated Jay’s Treaty with Britain.

Neutrality

Staying out of a conflict or war between other countries.

Bureaucracy

Government departments and officials who carry out laws.

USS Chesapeake

American ship attacked by the British ship HMS Leopard in 1807.

Embargo

A government ban on trade with another country.

Monticello

Thomas Jefferson’s home in Virginia.

Impressment

British practice of forcing American sailors into the British Navy.

Judicial Review

The Supreme Court’s power to declare laws unconstitutional.

XYZ Affair

French agents demanded bribes from American diplomats before negotiations.

Treaty of Ghent

Treaty that ended the War of 1812 in 1814.

Louisiana Purchase

1803 purchase of land from France that doubled the size of the United States.

Star-Spangled Banner

American national anthem, inspired by the defense of Fort McHenry during the War of 1812.

Sacagawea

Native American woman who helped guide and interpret for Lewis and Clark.

Tippecanoe

1811 battle between U.S. forces led by William Henry Harrison and Native American forces.

John Marshall

Chief Justice who strengthened the Supreme Court and established judicial review.

Adams and the Election of 1800

Contest in which Thomas Jefferson defeated the incumbent Federalist president, marking the first peaceful transfer of power between political parties in U.S. history.

Marbury v. Madison (1803).

A landmark Supreme Court case in which the Court established the principle of judicial review, allowing it to invalidate unconstitutional legislative and executive actions.

Hamilton vs. Burr

A duel that resulted in the death of Alexander Hamilton, ignited by ongoing political rivalry and personal animosity between him and Aaron Burr.

Federalists vs. Jefferson Republicans

The two political parties that emerged in the early years of the United States. The Federalists, led by Alexander Hamilton, favored a strong central government, while the Jefferson Republicans, led by Thomas Jefferson, advocated for states' rights and more power for the individual states.

FEDERALISTS — Alexander Hamilton

• Wanted a strong national government.

• Supported a national bank.

• Believed the Constitution should be interpreted loosely.

• Supported business, trade, and manufacturing.

DEMOCRATIC-REPUBLICANS — Thomas Jefferson

• Wanted more power for individual states.

• Supported farming and agriculture.

• Believed the Constitution should be interpreted strictly.

• Worried that a powerful national government could become too controlling.