SB before and beFIVE

What are alkali metals, and where are they located on the periodic table?

Soft, shiny metals that react violently with water, located in Group 1 of the periodic table

What are the alkali metals?

Lithium (Li), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Rubidium (Rb), Cesium (Cs), Francium (Fr)

What are alkaline earth metals, and where are they located on the periodic table?

Reactive metals that are harder and denser than alkali metals, located in Group 2 of the periodic table

What are the alkaline earth metals?

Beryllium (Be), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca), Strontium (Sr), Barium (Ba), Radium (Ra)

What are transition metals, and where are they located on the periodic table?

Hard, shiny metals that conduct electricity well, located in Groups 3–12 of the periodic table

What are the transition metals?

Scandium (Sc), Titanium (Ti), Vanadium (V), Chromium (Cr), Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe), Cobalt (Co), Nickel (Ni), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Yttrium (Y), Zirconium (Zr), Niobium (Nb), Molybdenum (Mo), Technetium (Tc), Ruthenium (Ru), Rhodium (Rh), Palladium (Pd), Silver (Ag), Cadmium (Cd), Hafnium (Hf), Tantalum (Ta), Tungsten (W), Rhenium (Re), Osmium (Os), Iridium (Ir), Platinum (Pt), Gold (Au), Mercury (Hg), Rutherfordium (Rf), Dubnium (Db), Seaborgium (Sg), Bohrium (Bh), Hassium (Hs), Meitnerium (Mt), Darmstadtium (Ds), Roentgenium (Rg), and Copernicium (Cn)

What are metalloids, and where are they located on the periodic table?

Elements with properties of both metals and nonmetals that act as semiconductors, located along the zigzag line on the periodic table

What are the metalloids?

Boron (B), Silicon (Si), Germanium (Ge), Arsenic (As), Antimony (Sb), Tellurium (Te), Polonium (Po)

What are halogens, and where are they located on the periodic table?

Highly reactive nonmetals that easily form salts, located in Group 17 of the periodic table

What are the halogens?

Fluorine (F), Chlorine (Cl), Bromine (Br), Iodine (I), Astatine (At), Tennessine (Ts)

What are noble gases, and where are they located on the periodic table?

Unreactive, stable gases with full outer electron shells, located in Group 18 of the periodic table

What are the noble gases?

Helium (He), Neon (Ne), Argon (Ar), Krypton (Kr), Xenon (Xe), Radon (Rn), Oganesson (Og)

What are lanthanides, and which elements do they include?

Non-radioactive, highly reactive, soft-silvery-white metals, elements 57–71

What are the lanthanides?

Lanthanum (La), Cerium (Ce), Praseodymium (Pr), Neodymium (Nd), Promethium (Pm), Samarium (Sm), Europium (Eu), Gadolinium (Gd), Terbium (Tb), Dysprosium (Dy), Holmium (Ho), Erbium (Er), Thulium (Tm), Ytterbium (Yb), Lutetium (Lu)

What are actinides, and which elements do they include?

Radioactive, highly reactive, soft, silvery-white metals, elements 89–103

What are the actinides?

Actinium (Ac), Thorium (Th), Protactinium (Pa), Uranium (U), Neptunium (Np), Plutonium (Pu), Americium (Am), Curium (Cm), Berkhelium (Bk), Californium (Cf), Einsteinium (Es), Fermium (Fm), Mendelevium (Md), Nobelium (No), Lawrencium (Lr)

How does latitude affect temperature?

Places near equator are hotter because the Sun’s rays hit the Earth more directly. Places near the poles are colder; the rays hit at an angle and spread over a larger area

How does altitude affect temperature?

Higher elevations are cooler because the air is thinner and holds less heat; temperature usually drops about 1°C per 100 meters

How does distance from the sea affect temperature?

Places near the sea have cooler summers and warmer winters —water absorbs and stores heat over a deep layer and long period. Sea breezes cool land during hot days and ocean heat warms the air at night; places far from the sea have warmer summers and colder winters because land heats and loses heat quickly

How do ocean currents affect temperature?

Warm currents move warm water from the equator toward the poles and warm the air above them, raising nearby coastal temperatures; cold currents move cold water from the poles toward the equator and cool the air above them, lowering nearby coastal temperatures

How do winds affect temperature?

They move air masses from one region to another and strip away the thin layer of warm air surrounding objects

What is uneven solar heating, and how does it affect air movement?

The Sun warms Earth at different rates depending on latitude, time of day, and whether the surface is land or water; warm air expands and rises while cool, dense air sinks

What is surface friction, and how does it affect wind?

Trees, buildings, hills, and mountains slow wind near the ground and change its direction, causing air to flow across pressure lines

What is ionization energy, and how does it affect metals?

The energy required to remove an electron; low ionization energy makes it easier for metals to form positive ions

What is electron affinity, and how does it affect nonmetals?

The change in energy when an atom gains an electron. Nonmetals release more energy when gaining an electron

What rule states that atoms tend to lose, gain, or share valence electrons to achieve a stable, full outer shell, usually containing eight electrons?

Octet rule

What acts as the electrical pressure that pushes charge through a circuit, with higher voltage increasing current?

Voltage

What measures how much a material opposes the flow of charge, with higher resistance decreasing current?

Resistance

What law mathematically defines the relationship between current, voltage, and resistance as I = V / R?

Ohm’s law

What electrical quantity combines standard resistance with alternating-current reactance from capacitors and inductors?

Impedance

What principle states that in a direct current circuit, charge flows based on fixed positive and negative terminals?

Source polarity

What occurs in alternating current when the power source regularly and periodically switches polarity and direction?

Periodic reversal

What process allows cells with identical DNA to use different parts of their genetic code by turning specific genes on or off, determining their unique type and function?

Gene expression

What regulatory proteins bind to DNA to activate or repress specific genes, guiding processes such as stem cell specialization?

Transcription factors

What chemical marks on DNA and histones control gene accessibility and create a lasting cellular memory?

Epigenetic modifications

What occurs when the unequal distribution of molecules and specialized proteins during cell division creates distinct daughter cells?

Cytoplasmic determinants

What chemical messengers are released into the bloodstream and travel to target cells to encourage or suppress cell division and metabolic changes?

Hormones

What small bioactive proteins or peptides trigger signal transduction pathways to induce or accelerate cell division and mitosis?

Mitogens

What phase of cell-cycle control involves mitogens pushing resting cells out of the G₀ phase and through the G₁ checkpoint into the cell cycle?

G1 phase control

What critical point, once passed through mitogen stimulation, allows cells to continue dividing without further requiring mitogens?

The restriction point

What internally produced bioactive proteins, peptides, or signaling molecules trigger target cells to progress from the G1 phase into the S phase, stimulating cell division and mitosis?

Endogenous mitogens

What extracellular proteins, peptides, or chemical agents originate outside a cell, such as through paracrine or endocrine signaling, and stimulate cell division?

Exogenous mitogens

What is the process by which immune cells identify foreign substances, or antigens, using specialized receptors to trigger an immune response?

Antigen recognition

What process occurs when exogenous mitogens non-specifically stimulate large populations of lymphocytes regardless of their specific antigen recognition, making them useful for testing immune system health?

Polyclonal activation

What term describes the continuous shifting of Earth’s magnetic north and south poles and the periodic historical swapping of magnetic polarity recorded in rocks?

Magnetic wandering and reversal

What field involves building biological logic gates, switches, and biosensors inside living cells so they can process information like a computer?

Genetic circuit design

What field rewires the metabolism of microbes such as E. coli or yeast to turn them into living factories that produce medicines, fragrances, or biofuels?

Metabolic & chassis engineering

What field involves designing and chemically printing whole artificial genomes, such as creating minimal cells containing only the genes required for life?

Synthetic genomics

What systems strip out the inner machinery of a cell to produce proteins and run biochemical tests in a test tube without needing a living, growing cell?

Cell-free systems

What field attempts to build entirely non-natural, cell-like structures from scratch to understand the origins of life?

Protocells & artificial life

What field involves constructing carbon-based molecules and serves as the backbone of the pharmaceutical industry for designing and manufacturing new life-saving drugs?

Synthetic Organic Chemistry

What process recreates complex chemical structures found in nature, such as rare plant defenses or deep-sea toxins, in a laboratory so they can be harvested without destroying the natural environment?

Total Synthesis & Natural Products

What type of synthesis develops chemical reactions that selectively create one specific mirror-image version of a molecule, which is critical because the wrong handedness of a drug molecule can be toxic?

Asymmetric (Chiral) Synthesis

What approach uses robotics, continuous fluid streams, and AI-driven synthesis to rapidly discover and test thousands of new chemical formulations automatically?

Automated & Flow Chemistry

What form of matter consists of particles with the same mass as ordinary matter particles but opposite electrical charges and magnetic properties?

Antimatter

What hypothetical components are thought to make up most of the universe’s mass-energy but remain unidentified?

Dark Matter and Dark Energy

What field includes theories such as string theory and loop quantum gravity that attempt to unite gravity with particle physics?

Quantum Gravity

What forces consist of electrostatic and bonding attractions that hold atoms, ions, and molecules together?

Intermolecular Forces

What air pollutants and chemical emissions are released from household products, paints, and fuels?

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

What hydrocarbon fuels include methane, gasoline, and ethanol?

Petrofuels

What process creates red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets within the bone marrow?

Hematopoiesis

What process involves storing and releasing critical minerals such as calcium and phosphorus into the bloodstream?

Mineral Homeostasis

What field examines hydrostatic skeletons in worms, exoskeletons in arthropods, and endoskeletons across vertebrates?

Comparative Skeletons

What process develops long bones such as the femur by systematically replacing a flexible hyaline cartilage template with hard bone tissue?

Endochondral Ossification

What process directly converts mesenchymal stem cell tissue into flat bones, such as those forming the skull vault?

Intramembranous Ossification

What abundant non-collagenous protein hormone is produced exclusively by bone-forming cells called osteoblasts?

Osteocalcin

What form of osteocalcin binds calcium and helps build and mineralize the bone matrix?

Carboxylated Osteocalcin

What form of osteocalcin acts as a systemic hormone regulating energy metabolism, brain function, and reproduction?

Undercarboxylated (Active) Osteocalcin

What hierarchy describes how cells form tissues, tissues form organs, and organs form cooperative organ systems?

Body Organization Hierarchy

What concept describes how complex organs rely on signals from the nervous and endocrine systems to maintain homeostasis?

Interdependence

What is the largest external organ that provides physical defense, thermal regulation, and sensory reception?

Skin (Integumentary System)

What is the first level of body organization where atoms bond to form molecules, providing the essential chemical building blocks for all life?

Chemical Level

What is the second level of body organization where molecules combine to form organelles and cells, the smallest independent structures capable of sustaining life?

Cellular Level

What is the third level of body organization consisting of communities of similar cells working together for a specific function, classified as epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues?

Tissue Level

What is the fourth level of body organization where two or more distinct tissue types combine to form a unique structural unit, such as the heart or lungs, to perform a specific physiological function?

Organ Level

What is the fifth level of body organization where groups of structurally distinct organs collaborate to carry out complex bodily functions such as digestion or circulation?

Organ System Level

What is the sixth and highest level of body organization where all lower levels work together in harmony to maintain homeostasis and sustain the complete living individual?

Organismal Level

What framework states that the universe is made of continuous, fluid-like fields and that particles are ripples vibrating within those fields?

Quantum Field Theory (QFT)

What rule states that quarks can never be isolated because pulling them apart creates enough energy for new quarks to instantly form?

Color Confinement

What quantum phenomenon occurs when a neutrino changes its identity, or flavor, as it travels through space?

Neutrino Oscillation

What theoretical idea replaces point-like particles with tiny, vibrating one-dimensional strings in an attempt to unite gravity with quantum physics?

String Theory

What green, one-eyed monster from Monsters, Inc. is Sully’s best friend, is called “Googley Bear” by his girlfriend Celia Mae, and is called by his full name by Boo?

Mike Wazowski

What bear takes care of Mowgli with the help of the panther Bagheera while trying to find Mowgli’s home, and sings about taking a glance at the fancy ants in “The Bare Necessities”?

Baloo

What Disney movie features Baloo and Mowgli, as well as a pack of elephants singing “Colonel Hathi’s March” while patrolling the movie’s title location?

The Jungle Book

What character sings a song subtitled “Python’s Song,” beckoning Mowgli to “trust in” him, while his sclera change colors to lull Mowgli into a trance?

Kaa

What franchise features a title character who uses the Wuxi (“Wuh-shee”) finger hold to defeat Tai Lung at the end of its first movie?

Kung Fu Panda

What movie follows a protagonist living in New York City in a house made from a fruit pit, with firefighters rescuing characters after they land on top of the Empire State Building?

James and the Giant Peach

What animation style, in which objects undergo tiny physical changes that appear as movement when played back quickly, was partially used in James and the Giant Peach and also used in Fantastic Mr. Fox?

Stop motion

What author wrote the works adapted into the stop-motion films James and the Giant Peach and Fantastic Mr. Fox, as well as The BFG and Charlie and the Chocolate Factory?

Roald Dahl

What group of five women sings “The Gospel Truth” in the Disney movie Hercules?

The Muses

What composer wrote the songs “Son of Man” and “You’ll Be in My Heart” for the score of Tarzan?

Phil Collins

What Disney film did Phil Collins write the music for, featuring songs such as “Look Through My Eyes” and “No Way Out,” with “Transformation” translated into Inuktitut?

Brother Bear

What places are the settings where “I’ve Got a Dream” and “Gaston” are sung in the movies Tangled and Beauty and the Beast?

Bars

What movie features emperor penguins Mumble and Memphis, with the title referring to Mumble’s excellent tap dancing that makes up for his inability to sing?

Happy Feet

What object does the penguin Lovelace wear around his neck in Happy Feet, which catches him when he swims beyond the land of the elephant seals?

Six Pack Rings

What willow tree gives Pocahontas spiritual guidance, tells her she will understand if she listens with her heart, and helps her interpret a dream about a spinning arrow?

Grandmother Willow

What group of polyps lies around the entrance to Ursula’s lair in The Little Mermaid, consisting of merpeople who could not pay the price of their granted wishes?

Ursula’s garden

What movie follows Tim as he begins noticing strange behavior from his new brother Theodore, whose title character arrives at his new home wearing a suit?

The Boss Baby

What company wages the war against babies in The Boss Baby, fighting Baby Corp. and being run by CEO Francis E. Francis, who is revealed to be Super Colossal Big Fat Boss Baby?

Puppy Co.

What Lennon-McCartney song upsets Tim when his parents sing it to Theo because Tim thought it was “his song,” and asks the title creature to “take these broken wings and learn to fly”?

Blackbird