Cells & Life

What are the 7 characteristics of living things?

1. Movement

2. Respiration

3. Sensitivity

4. Growth

5. Reproduction

6. Excretion

7. Nutrition

Example of movement IRL?

Sunflowers moving and facing towards sunlight

Example of respiration IRL?

aerobic respiration in cells to release energy

Example of sensitivity IRL?

Pupils constricting in light (reaction to stimuli)

Example of growth IRL?

A seedling increasing in height over time

Example of reproduction IRL?

A bacterium diving by binary fission

Example of excretion IRL?

body filters liquid waste from your blood through urine

Example of nutrition IRL?

Process of photosynthesis in plants

What are three aspects of cell theory?

1. All cells come from pre-existing cells

2. Cells are the basic unit of life and structure and function of living organisms

3. Every living organism is made up of atleast one or more cells

How did Pasteur disapprove of spontaneous generation?

His experiment with pasteurization shows that the microorganisms did not appear spontaneously in the mixture, showing how cells only come from pre-existing cells

What makes a virus not alive?

1.Viruses are non-cellular

2. Needs to control the machinery of a host cell to reproduce

3. Cannot carry out any of the life processes independently (inactive without host cell)

4. Not in any kingdom as its non-cellular

Microscope structure

Nucleus function

contains DNA and controls cell activities

Cytoplasm function

site of chemical reactions that occur in the cell

Cell membrane function

controls movement into and out of the cells

mitochondria function

site of aerobic respiration, releases energy

ribosomes function

protein synthesis

cell well function

cellulose support layer in plant cells

chloroplasts function

site of photosynthesis and contain chlorphyll

vacuole function

contain cells sap and helps plant cells stay turgid

Rough ER function

folds and transport proteins, has ribosomes

golgi apparatus function

modifies, sorts, and packages proteins

lyosome function

digestive enzymes break down nutrients

vesicle function

small membrane sac that transports substances

similarities of prokaryotic and eukaryotic

Have dna, ribosomes, cell membrane, and cytoplasm

prokaryotic features (bacteria)

smaller than eukaryotes, quick&effective reproduction with binary fission, no membrane-bound organelles, unicellular, have looped DNA in nucleoid, no nucleus

eukaryotic cells

has nucleus, unicellular/multicellular, membrane-bound organelles

Define osmosis

movement of water particles through a partially permeable membrane from a high water potential to low water potential until concentration is in equilibrium (requires no energy -ATP)

Define diffusion

Net movement of particles from a high-concentration to a low-concentration area (moving down the concentration gradient) until reaching in equilibrium (requires no energy - ATP)

Define active transport

Movement of particles from a low to high concentration area (against the concentration gradient) requires energy (ATP) (e.g., useful substances are absorbed from the kidney tubules back into the blood using energy)