Intro to Anatomy & Physiology Vocab 1-40

Anatomy

the study of the structure and shape of the body and body parts as well their relationship to one another.

10 organ systems we learned in the slides

• Skeletal

• Muscular

• Nervous

• Endocrine

• Circulatory

• Lymphatic

• Respiratory

• Digestive

• Urinary

• Reproductive

Gross anatomy/macroscopic anatomy

the study of larger anatomical structures that can be seen without the aid of magnification

Microscopic anatomy

the study of structures too small to be seen without a microscope or other magnifying instrument. For example, cells and how cells are arranged in tissues.

Physiology

the study of how the body and it’s parts work or function.

Homeostasis

the tendency of the body to maintain internal stability

Negative feedback

An imbalance is corrected by a response that restores balance.

Stimulus

produces a change to a variable (the factor being regulated). In general, a stimulus is anything that causes a response.

Sensor or Receptor

detects the change. The receptor monitors the environment and responds to change (stimuli).

Input

information travels to the control center. The control center (usually in the brain) determines the appropriate response and course of action.

Output

information sent from the control center travels to the effector.

Effector

receives message from control center and responds in a way that balances out the original stimulus to maintain homeostasis.

Control center

 is in the hypothalamus of the brain

Positive feedback

The body initiates a response that increases the imbalance until a specific goal is reached.

Cells

The basic unit of structure and function in living things.

Tissues

Groups of cells that work together to perform a particular function.

Organs

Composed of two or more tissue types and perform a specific function for the body.

Population

all the organisms of the same species living in the same area at the same time

Community

all the living organisms of every type in the same area at the same time

Ecosystem

all the living organisms and non-living features of an area with which they interact

Biosphere

all parts of Earth that support life or all ecosystems on Earth

Elements

are pure substances that consist of only one type of atom.

4 most common elements in the human body:

Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen

Types of Chemical Bonds

Ionic, Covalent, and Hydrogen

Ionic bonds

involve a transfer of electrons

Electrolytes

are substances that ionize in solution and are capable of conducting electricity.

Covalent Bonds

involve sharing electrons

Hydrogen bonds

are weak bonds found between or within polar molecules

polar molecule????

the hydrogen end is slightly positively charged compared to the oxygen end of the molecule.

Heat capacity or thermal capacity

a physical property of matter defined as the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance 1 degree Celsius

solvent

is a substance that is able to dissolve other substances.

reactant

a substance that undergoes a change during a chemical reaction

pH

a scale used to indicate how acidic or basic a water-based solution is.

Acidity or basicity

is actually a measurement of the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.

pH scale

ranges from 0 to 14

Pure water (with no dissolved substances)

neutral pH of 7

acids

Solutions with a pH lower than 7

bases

Solutions with a pH higher than 7

pH of Common Body Fluids

• Gastric juice   2  

• Urine      6

• Saliva 6.5   

• Distilled water 7

• Blood 7.4

Organic compounds

• Carbon-based

• Relatively large

• Covalently-bonded

four groups of important organic compounds

• Carbohydrates

• Lipids

• Proteins

• Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates

• Sugars and Starches

• Contain C, H, and O

• Three Groups:

• Monosaccharides

• Disaccharides

• Polysaccharides

Disaccharides

sucrose (table sugar), maltose (malt sugar), lactose (milk sugar)

Polysaccharides

long chains of sugars, no longer taste sweet. Examples in the body: starch and glycogen

Starch

the storage form of sugars in plants. We ingest it in the form of “starchy” foods such as bread, potatoes, and carrots

Lipids

The number of carbon and hydrogen atoms far exceeds number of  oxygen atoms in lipids

Insoluble in water

Enter the body in the form of meats, egg yolks, milk products, and oils

Triglycerides

dietary fats; saturated or unsaturated

Steroids

include cholesterol; found in cell membranes, needed for hormone and vitamin D production

Protein

• Account for over 50% of organic matter in the body

• Contain nitrogen in addition to C, H, & O

• Composed of 20 different amino acids

• Amino acid sequence determines shape and, therefore, function of protein

two categories of proteins

Fibrous/structural and Globular/functional

Enzymes

are functional proteins that act as biological catalysts.

Catalysts

control the rate of virtually every chemical reaction in the body.

nucleic acids

Two major kinds of nucleic acids are DNA and RNA

DNA

• deoxyribonucleic acid, is the genetic material found within the cell nucleus

•  provides the instructions for building every protein

ATP Adenosine triphosphate,  

the nucleic acid that provides cellular energy

interstitial fluid

• Dilute saltwater solution surrounding cells

• where all exchanges take place between cells and blood

Cells Diversity

• Sperm Cells

• Cheek Cells

• Nerve

• Red Blood

Four Tissue Types

Nervous, Epithelial , Muscle, Connective

Nervous Tissue Functions

• Receive & conduct electrochemical impulses

• Two characteristics:

  • Easily stimulated

  • Conducts impulses very rapidly

neurons

• Nerve cells

Dendrites

receive signals at one end

Axons

• are long, thin nerve fibers  that may be over 3 feet long

neuroglia

supporting cells called neuroglia, make up the brain, spinal cord and nerves

Epithelial Tissue

• Covering, lining, and glandular tissue

• Covers all free body surfaces and lines body cavities

• Protects, absorbs, filters, secretes

Epithelial Tissue Structure

• Apical surface: free unattached, may be modified

• Basement membrane: lower attached surface 

• Avascular: no blood supply

Epithelial Tissue Classification

• Cell Layers:

  • Simple – one layer

  • Stratified – 2 or more layers

• Cell Shapes:

  • Squamous – flat

  • Cuboidal – cube, box

  • Columnar – tall & narrow

secretion:

Glands make & release a product called a

Endocrine glands

are ductless; thyroid, pituitary

Exocrine glands

secrete products into ducts; include sweat glands and the pancreas

Muscle tissue

contract or shorten to produce movement

Cardiac, smooth, and skeletal (u have control) muscle

Connective Tissue Functions

• Most abundant and widely distributed tissue type

• Functions: protecting, supporting, binding together

Connective Tissue StructurE

• Most are well-vascularized except for tendons, ligaments & cartilage

• Composed of living cells in a non-living matrix

Muscle Tissue Functions

• Highly specialized to contract or shorten to produce movement

• Muscle cells are fibers of contractile proteins

• 3 Types:

  • Skeletal

  • Cardiac

  • Smooth

Cardiac & Smooth Muscle

• Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart; involuntary

• Smooth muscle is found in internal organs; involuntary

Tissue Repair: 2 Major Ways

• Regeneration – replacement of destroyed tissue with the same kind of cells

• Fibrosis – repair by forming dense connective tissue or scar tissue

Granulation tissue

 is a delicate pink tissue that has many capillaries growing from undamaged blood vessels nearby

Injury sets events in motion:

1. Capillaries become permeable

2. Formation of granulation tissue

3. Regeneration of surface epithelium

amitotic

• Cells become amitotic – no longer divide

Organ Systems

composed of groups of organs that cooperate to perform a major body function.

Integumentary System

• Skin; external body covering 

• Protects deeper tissue from injury

• Helps regulate body temperature

Skeletal System

• Bones, cartilage, joints

• Protects and supports body organs

• Provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement

• Forms blood cells

Muscular System

• Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles

• Skeletal muscles

  • Allow movement and facial expression

  • Maintain posture

  • Produce heat

Nervous System

• Brain, spinal cord & nerves

• Fast-acting control system of the body

  • Responds to internal and external changes

Endocrine System

• Glands secrete chemicals called  hormones that regulate many processes such as

  • Growth

  • Reproduction

  • Metabolism

Circulatory System

• Heart & blood vessels

• Heart pumps blood

• Blood carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes and other materials to and from cells

Lymphatic System

• Lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels

• Returns fluid leaked from blood vessels to blood

• Cleans lymphatic fluid of bacteria and foreign matter

Respiratory System

• Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

• Exchanges gases with the external environment

• Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen & removes carbon dioxide

Digestive System 

• Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines

• Breaks food down into simple units that can be absorbed by the blood for distribution to body and cells

• Eliminates undigested food as solid waste

Urinary System 

• Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra 

• Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body

• Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood 

Reproductive System 

• Males: penis, testes

• Females: ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes

• Overall function is the production of offspring

Anatomical Position

Standing, face front, feet parallel, arms at sides with palms facing forward