PAPER 1 RECALL HOB CHAPTER 3 AND 4
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154 Terms
What is nationalism?
Identification with one’s own nation and support for its interests; it also involves seeking or sustaining self-determination.
When did nationalistic tendencies first surface in Brunei?
In the 1930s.
Which college became a breeding ground for early Brunei nationalism?
Maktab Perguruan Sultan Idris (MPSI), also known as Sultan Idris Teacher’s Training College.
Where was MPSI located?
Tanjung Malim, Perak.
When was MPSI established?
1922
Name three early nationalist associations formed in Brunei.
Kesatuan Melayu Brunei (KMB), Persatuan Sahabat Pena Brunei (PSPB), and Persekutuan Guru-Guru Melayu Brunei (PGGMB).
What does KMB stand for?
Kesatuan Melayu Brunei, or Brunei Malay Union.
When was KMB formed?
In the 1930s.
Who was the president of KMB?
Pengiran Muda Omar Ali Saifuddien.
Who was the deputy president of KMB?
Pengiran Temenggung Haji Mohammad.
Who was the secretary of KMB?
Pengiran Jaya Negara Pengiran Haji Abu Bakar.
About how many members did KMB have before World War II?
About 200–300 members.
What was the main objective of KMB?
To draw the British administration’s attention to the needs of the Malays.
When was KMB deregistered?
1957
What does PSPB stand for?
Persatuan Sahabat Pena Brunei, or Pen-pals Association.
When was PSPB formed?
1936
Who was the president of PSPB?
Pengiran Pemancha Haji Muhammad Yassin.
Who was the secretary of PSPB?
Muhammad Zain Wali.
What was the goal of PSPB?
To foster friendly communication and social interaction between Malays in Brunei and Malaya.
Name two newspapers associated with PSPB members’ writings.
Saudara and Utusan Melayu.
What does PGGMB stand for?
Persekutuan Guru-Guru Melayu Brunei, or Brunei Malay Teachers’ Association (BMTA).
When was PGGMB formed?
1939
What was PGGMB’s original aim?
To promote the welfare of Brunei Malay teachers and communicate with British authorities to develop education.
Which British official described PGGMB as Brunei’s second-strongest political force behind the Sultan?
E. R. Bevington, the British Commissioner of Development in Brunei.
When did the Japanese Occupation of Brunei take place?
1941–1945.
When did the Japanese land in Kuala Belait?
16 December 1941.
When was Brunei Town captured by the Japanese?
22 December 1941.
What slogan did the Japanese use?
‘Asia for Asians’.
What Bruneian slogan developed in response to ‘Asia for Asians’?
‘Brunei for Bruneians’.
Name two Brunei students trained as teachers by the Japanese.
Any two: Marsal bin Maun, Jamil bin Umar, Cikgu Basir Mohd Taha, Cikgu Tuah bin Hitam, Haji Idris bin Hamzah.
What does BMA stand for?
British Military Administration.
What was one main objective of the BMA?
Any one: restore peace and stability; re-establish confidence in British administration; carry out reconstruction/restoration; prepare Brunei for civilian rule.
Why did the BMA exclude many Brunei Malays from its administration?
The British believed numerous Malay nationalists had collaborated with the Japanese and feared educated Bruneians might encourage nationalism.
What does BARIP stand for?
Barisan Pemuda, or Youth Front.
When was BARIP formed?
12 April 1946.
In which newspaper was BARIP’s formation announced?
Suara Rakyat.
Who was BARIP’s first president?
Awang Abdullah bin Awang Jaafar.
Who was BARIP’s deputy president?
P. M. Yusof.
Who was BARIP’s secretary?
Awang Mohammad Jamil bin Awang Umar (Jamil Umar).
Who succeeded Awang Abdullah as BARIP president?
H. M. Salleh.
How long did Awang Abdullah serve as BARIP president before resigning?
About five months.
What was BARIP’s slogan?
‘Merdeka’, meaning independent or free.
What political goal did BARIP seek for Brunei?
Self-government.
Name two aims of BARIP.
Any two: improve social/economic conditions; safeguard national honour; strengthen Brunei Malays’ political position; unite Bruneians; protect the sovereignty of the Sultan, country and people.
Which organisation worked closely with BARIP?
Kesatuan Melayu Brunei (KMB).
Which Sultan supported BARIP?
Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin.
When did BARIP’s activity decline sharply?
By 1948.
Give one reason for BARIP’s decline.
Any one: leaders returned to MPSI; British transferred leaders; members were promoted/given secure jobs; British suppression/suspicion; failure of protests over Sarawak officers and the High Commissioner.
What was the Northern Borneo Federation Plan?
A British plan to unite Brunei, Sarawak and Sabah before combining them with Malaya.
Who was the Commissioner-General for the United Kingdom in Southeast Asia involved in the Northern Borneo plan?
Malcolm MacDonald.
Who was delegated to carry out the Northern Borneo plan in Brunei?
Anthony Abell, Governor of Sarawak and High Commissioner for Brunei.
What was the purpose of Tujuh Serangkai?
To visit Brunei’s four districts and obtain the people’s views on merger with Malaysia.
In what year was Brunei’s Constitution promulgated?
1959
Who led the PRB during the 1962 revolt?
A. M. Azahari.
What does PRB stand for?
Partai Rakyat Brunei.
In what year did the Brunei Revolt take place?
1962
When did Tunku Abdul Rahman propose the Federation of Malaysia?
May 1961.
When was the Federation of Malaysia formed?
16 September 1963.
Which territories formed Malaysia in September 1963?
Malaya, Singapore, Sabah and Sarawak; Brunei did not join.
What was one major reason Brunei did not join Malaysia?
Disagreement over Brunei’s oil revenue.
How long did Malaysia propose that Brunei could retain its oil revenue?
Ten years, after which it would be controlled by the Federal Government.
How much did Brunei offer as a voluntary annual contribution to Malaysia?
$40 million annually for ten years.
What was the second major issue preventing Brunei from joining Malaysia?
The ranking/status of the Sultan of Brunei among the Malayan Sultans.
What ultimatum was given by Tunku Abdul Rahman during the Malaysia negotiations?
A 48-hour ultimatum.
When did Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III abdicate?
1967
Who succeeded Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III?
Pengiran Muda Mahkota Hassanal Bolkiah.
What defence problem did Brunei face in 1971?
Britain planned to withdraw its forces from the East, while Brunei was not yet able to defend itself adequately.
When was the Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation between Brunei and Britain signed?
7 January 1979.
Where was the 1979 Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation signed?
Bandar Seri Begawan.
When was Brunei’s independence date officially announced?
May 1983.
When did Brunei become fully independent?
1 January 1984.
How many years of British protection ended in 1984?
95 years.
What national philosophy was proclaimed on 1 January 1984?
Melayu Islam Beraja (MIB).
What are the three elements of MIB?
Malay as the official language, Islam as the official religion, and Malay monarchy as the form of government.
What happened to Limbang in 1890?
It was annexed by Charles Brooke/Sarawak.
Why was Limbang economically important to Brunei?
It was Brunei’s agricultural district and a major exporter of sago.
About how many bags of sago did Brunei export before the loss of Limbang?
About 2,000 bags.
How many bags of sago did Brunei export in 1898?
Only about 600–700 bags.
By what year had almost all four sago factories in Brunei closed?
1903
How much annual revenue did Malcolm McArthur estimate Brunei lost because of Limbang?
About $200,000 annually, reported in 1904.
What was introduced in 1907 to reform Brunei’s land system?
The 1907 Land Enactment.
By what year had the government bought most monopoly rights?
By 1914.
What were Brunei’s three main pre-oil industries?
Cutch, coal and rubber.
What is cutch also known as?
Catechu; locally it was called ‘ubar’.
What was cutch made from?
The wood/bark of mangrove trees.
During what period was cutch Brunei’s main export?
1900–1929.
About how many workers did the cutch industry employ by 1915?
Almost 1,000 workers.
How many workers collected bark and firewood for cutch by 1915?
Around 700.
How many workers processed bark for cutch by 1915?
About 150.
What was Brunei’s highest recorded cutch export figure?
2,912 tonnes in 1911.
Name two major overseas markets for Brunei cutch.
Any two: Britain, United States, China, Japan.
What transport problem hurt the cutch industry in 1920?
The Muara–Labuan steamer service stopped.
Which industry surpassed cutch revenue in 1921?
Coal.
Which industry overtook cutch in 1923?
Rubber.
Who received the Muara coal concession in 1883?
William Cowie.
To whom did William Cowie transfer the coal concession?
Charles Brooke.
What was Muara called under Charles Brooke?
Brooketon.
When was Brooketon returned to Brunei?
1921
How many people worked in Muara coal mines in 1908?
Around 250.
How many worked at Buang Tawar in 1908?
72