Food Chemistry Exam Revision

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9 Terms

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Vitamin A (pro vitamin, active form, function)


Fat soluble

  • Pro-vitamin: beta -carotene (found in carrots, sweet potato, spinach)

  • Active Form: Retinol

  • Function: Essential for vision and immune health


Antioxidant: Quenches reactive oxygen species with conjugated double bonds



<p></p><p><strong>Fat soluble</strong></p><ul><li><p><strong>Pro-vitamin:</strong> beta -carotene (found in carrots, sweet potato, spinach)</p></li><li><p><strong>Active Form:</strong> <strong>Retinol</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Function:</strong> Essential for vision and immune health</p></li></ul><p></p><p>Antioxidant: Quenches reactive oxygen species with conjugated double bonds</p><p></p><p></p>
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Vitamin D (pro vitamin, active form, function)

  • Formation: Sunlight exposure on 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin triggers a photolytic ring-opening reaction to form cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3)

  • Active Form: Calcitriol

  • Function: Promotes intestinal absorption of calcium, magnesium and phosphate for bone development9. Deficiency causes rickets.


<ul><li><p><strong>Formation:</strong> Sunlight exposure on <strong>7-dehydrocholesterol</strong> in the skin triggers a photolytic ring-opening reaction to form <strong>cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3)</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Active Form:</strong> <strong>Calcitriol</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Function:</strong> Promotes intestinal absorption of calcium, magnesium and phosphate for bone development9. Deficiency causes <strong>rickets</strong>.</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Vitamin E (structure , function)

  • Structure: Comprises a family of tocopherols and tocotrienols[10].

  • Function: A major fat-soluble antioxidant that acts as a radical scavenger, inhibiting radical propagation in fatty acids within membrane phospholipids by donating H to radical[10][11]

  • Found in vegetable oil, leafy greens


<ul><li><p><strong>Structure:</strong> Comprises a family of <strong>tocopherols</strong> and <strong>tocotrienols</strong><sup>[10]</sup>.</p></li><li><p><strong>Function:</strong> A major fat-soluble antioxidant that acts as a radical scavenger, inhibiting radical propagation in fatty acids within membrane phospholipids by donating H to radical<sup>[10][11]</sup></p></li><li><p><sup>Found in vegetable oil, leafy greens</sup></p></li></ul><p></p>
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Vitamin K

  • Structure: 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives[12].

  • Forms: Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) from leafy greens (involved in photosynthesis)[10][12]; converted by gut microbiota into Vitamin K2 (menaquinone)[12].

  • Function: Required for synthesizing proteins involved in blood coagulation and binding calcium in bones[12].


Found in leafy greens

<ul><li><p><strong>Structure:</strong> 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives<sup>[12]</sup>.</p></li></ul><ul><li><p><strong>Forms:</strong> <strong>Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone)</strong> from leafy greens (involved in photosynthesis)<sup>[10][12]</sup>; converted by gut microbiota into <strong>Vitamin K2 (menaquinone)</strong><sup>[12]</sup>.</p></li><li><p><strong>Function:</strong> Required for synthesizing proteins involved in <strong>blood coagulation </strong>and<strong> binding calcium in bones</strong><sup>[12]</sup>.</p></li></ul><p></p><p>Found in leafy greens </p>
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Vitamin B

Vitamin B Family:

  • Broad family of co-enzymes and co-factors crucial for cell metabolism[

  • Key Rule: Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is not available from plant produce; vegetarians/vegans rely on fortified functional foods or animal sources[



Every meat, fish etc

<p><strong>Vitamin B Family:</strong></p><ul><li><p>Broad family of co-enzymes and co-factors crucial for cell metabolism<sup>[ </sup></p></li><li><p><strong>Key Rule:</strong> <strong>Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)</strong> is <strong>not available from plant produce</strong>; vegetarians/vegans rely on fortified functional foods or animal sources<sup>[</sup></p></li></ul><p></p><p></p><p>Every meat, fish etc</p>
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Vitamin C

  • Structure: Structurally resembles a monosaccharide; synthesized biochemically by plants and commercially from D-glucose[1

  • Function: Strong water-soluble antioxidant and reducing agent involved in tissue repair and collagen synthesis[ Easily oxidized by hydrogen atom donation


<ul><li><p><span><strong>Structure:</strong> Structurally resembles a <strong>monosaccharide</strong>; synthesized biochemically by plants and commercially from D-glucose<sup>[1</sup></span></p></li><li><p><span><strong>Function:</strong> Strong water-soluble antioxidant and reducing agent involved in tissue repair and collagen synthesis<sup>[</sup> Easily oxidized by hydrogen atom donation</span></p></li></ul><p></p>
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Macrominerals ("Can Papa Keep Some Salt Closely Managed?"


Ca, P, K, Na, S, Cl, M



Ca 2+ - stabilises casein micelles in milk


Na+ - Table salt


K+ - healthier alternative to sodium

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Microminerals - All transition metals

Fe, I, Zn, Cu

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Functional ingredients

Flavanoids, flavanones, flavanols - Phenolic compounds


Caratenoids, isoprenoids tocpherols -


Probiotics , microbial