Social Movements Exam 2, O’Brien

Why do people stay in groups after they join?

- like the direction of the movement

- like the people in the movement

- committed to the idea

- radical movements try to limit outsider influence (like cutting off contact with outsiders, etc.)

- development of group identity

Why does participation decline or people burnout?

- times change (cultural or political landscape changes)

- financial pressures

- social pressures

- physical danger

- stress without reward

historical assumptions about why people join groups? how did this change?

- before the '60s, most scholars took a dim view of protests

- protestors had personality flaws or were swept up in irrational views

- people joined social movements when they lost contact with other organizations, like clubs or churches

movement culture (literature v. reality)

literature:

- high levels of sustained movement

- little conflict between social movement and personal life

- if activism wanes, it is because of external things like changing opportunities or resources

- commitment, enthusiasm, and participation only drop off when movement dissipates

reality:

- lots of tension between personal life and social movements

- deep commitment keeps them in it

biography, social network, and critical events all interact with each other

What was the issue the Columbia University protestors were protesting? What were they trying to do?

- protestors were protesting over their tuition going to stocks and investments in South Africa, that was forcing apartheid

- sat down in front of the chained doors of the main building, making it impossible to access the building and hold classes

- they were trying to get Columbia to stop investing in these stocks and companies

How did the Columbia University protest not go the way it was plan? Why?

- the plan originally called for chaining shut the doors of the building and blocking the entrance with protesters; this, it was assumed, would lead to a symbolic arrest of a few dozen steering committee members and other hard-core supporters of divestment. The intent was to draw media coverage to dramatize the continuing fight for divestment.

- one thing that was a surprise was that hundreds of students joined -- the committee that planned the protest was expecting around 50

- the administration acted unpredictably and didn't arrest them, instead threatened to expel them (raised the stakes, academic retaliation was a lot more threatening than symbolic arrest)

How did the Columbia University protest end? What was the outcome?

- in the third week, mood started declining as they realized they were not going to be arrested and the media coverage started to decline.

- the blockade ended because a very thoughtful and carefully planned decision was made. It was a question of what we could do that would be most effective for divestment. We decided that the blockade had done a lot, but at this point other things would be better, seeing how the administration was willing to sit us out. On the 25th of April, the blockade officially ended with a march into Harlem to a rally at a Baptist Church. Five months later, the Columbia Trustees divested.

- important for people to feel included in the decision making because people would likely stay involved if they felt their voice was heard and they were part of the decision process

Why did Columbia protestors stick around in groups?

- Being part of a group can provide a sense of safety and security for protestors, especially in situations where there may be a risk of confrontation with law enforcement or counter-protestors.

- Larger groups tend to attract more attention from the media, passersby, and authorities. This increased visibility can amplify the impact of the protest and help draw attention to the protestors' cause.

- A larger group may deter authorities from using excessive force or taking aggressive action against protestors, as it increases the visibility and potential consequences of such actions.

Affective ties in Columbia protests

Social relationships based on friendship or sexual attraction are often important in recruiting people to protest events and social movements, and these relationships also help to keep people in a group or movement once they have joined.

People joined the movement because there were safety in numbers, their friends were joining, etc.

Conscious-raising in Columbia protests

- consciousness-raising was done in a variety of small group settings, including dormitory rap sessions, forums, and teach-ins.

- Coverage of the CFSA's activities in the Columbia student newspaper and television reports on the violent repression of the anti-apartheid movement in South Africa increased student consciousness of apartheid and encouraged many students to support divestment.

- non-hierarchial, face to face unstructured ways

Collective Empowerment in Columbia protests

- rallies and events with low attendance

- group decided a higher profile event was necessary

collective identity in radical feminism

- a central task of the radical women's movement

- In consciousness-raising groups and other settings, women discussed their experiences and politics with the aim of rethinking their understandings of the world. From this work grew elaborate theoretical frameworks that explained women's oppression, male dominance, and patriarchy, and politicized all aspects of life with the notion of the personal as political.

- "once you see it, you can't unsee it"

- also means how how you look at you as apart of a group, these boundaries were less important in the 1980s

how did mainstreaming feminist issues affect the women's movement?

- achieving goals by mainstreaming issues to make them non-issues

- Feminist principles become so integrated into broader views they are no longer seen as feminist

how did the changing values hurt and help the women's movement?

- feminists targeted language and words are no longer considered acceptable and thought others loss their power (slurs)

- as the movement waned in 1980s, many women felt a loss of personal identity

Why is the United States a good place for religious innovation?

- ethnic, religious pluralism

- safe haven for political and economic activities that are not especially welcome in the secular community

- no state religion allows a free market of faith to develop

- New Religious Movements (academically nice way of saying cults)

How was the Religious Right affected by the 1960s counter culture movement?

- challenging morality of political issues (segregation, war)

- when there are political deficits, people turn to religion for moral compass

- these are often fundamentalist religious movements

Morality politics

- the application of ethical principles and values in the realm of political decision-making and governance. It involves considering what is right or wrong, just or unjust, fair or unfair, in the context of political actions, policies, and behaviors.

- a result of counterculture in the '60s

What sorts of issues do we tend to see with political cults?

How does the internal vs. external views affect movements?

- leaders keep cross-talk between cult members to a minimum so that people can't complain/start to question leadership

- us v. them; the "them" is EVIL

- labeling people who left the cult or were expelled as evil

- creates a feeling of superiority and righteousness among members, as well as a sense of paranoia and hostility, as though these "enemies" truly posed a threat to the organization

How is leadership in a cult typically function?

- Not only was power centralized in the DWP and Heaven's Gate, but knowledge was centralized, and access to it was limited or blocked in many ways.

- Charismatic authority: Leadership was secretive and inaccessible.

How do leaders view outside authority (i.e. government, other religions, etc)

- leaders do not acknowledge external authorities (government officials, other religious officials)

How do cults exercise control over individuals?

- resocialization

- cutting cross-ties

- having little access to the leader

- us v. them mentality

What do the examples in class tend to have in common with each other in terms of structure?

- Systems of control: Rigid boundaries defined inaccessible space and topics closed to discussion or inquiry.

- Systems of influence: Internalized norms, all-pervasive modeling, and constant peer monitoring ruled out inappropriate questioning.

What is resocialization?

process by which one discards old behaviors in favor of new ones to make a life change

- Known patterns of resocialization include launching a deliberate, sustained attack on ordinary routines; producing a high degree of anxiety in the person; stripping away socialized responses; and attacking the foundation of the basic security system grounded in the trust of others.

How does People's Temple or Heaven's Gate fit into cult activities in terms of behaviors

- had the same mode of resocialization ; the generation of a state of personal closure, as the person closes himself off to outside knowledge or disconfirming evidence that might challenge this "new self."

- cutting of crossties

- leaders can be secretive and that's okay... they have special knowledge

- ideas of the group cannot be questioned

- ruled are rigid... little to no flexibility

- system does not allow for any adaptation or slack

Crosscutting ties

- cross ties are social ties that cut across two or more groups or categories of people.

- when you cut these cross ties, you dampen potential conflicting ideas, make their social ties only exist inside the group, and label others as foreign and evil

what is framing?

- the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.

- Used strategically, framing permeates the work of building a movement: acquiring resources, developing infrastructure and leadership, analyzing power, and planning strategy.

what do frames do and show?

- frames help define a problem, show causes of problem, and suggest ways to address the problem

- frames helps address the 'so what?' problem about social movement

- frames can be take symbols, images, arguments, ideas and turn them into a cohesive viewpoint

Reframing of domestic violence (Rhode Island case)

- rhode island starts a campaign to reframe how domestic violence is understood

- symbols of women with their mouths taped shut, mugs that say victim, license plates that say victim; "domestic violence is never this obvious"

how are frames and advertisements similar?

- Facts take on their meaning by being embedded in frames, which render them relevant and significant or irrelevant and trivial. The contest is lost at the outset if we allow our adversaries to define what facts are relevant.

why is controlling a message important?

- frames can affect perception of facts (make them more or less important) ; if you lose control of your facts or message, then your opponent may define what is your message or what is important

multiple frames and their importance

- most people have multiple frames

- reframing arguments works best if you keep it personal and not abstract ; often more successful if you can understand the worldview of people who disagree with your worldview. understanding your opponent's frames means you can appeal to them easier

participatory communication

- audience is composed of people who vote (act) and can make decisions... audience are citizens and you want to get them involved

- show inequality or problem in context, then want to get people involved in process of change

hawthorne effect

This is a term coined as a result of the studies, referring to the phenomenon where individuals' performance improves or changes when they are aware that they are being observed.

- people participate in social movements because of this

Material incentives, selective benefits, solidarity benefits, purposive benefits

- collective action can result in material incentives (access to land, autonomy from state forces)

- people who participate in the guerilla movement also get their dignity and satisfaction from the act of defiance

participatory democracy

a theory of democracy that holds that citizens should actively and directly control all aspects of their lives

Strain theory (problems, good things what questions does it look at)

- strain theory looks at conflict, says conflict is a temporary response to a larger social chain, conflicts occur as the economy grows

- shows up in the 1950s (at the time in the USA, economic growth was seen as something we all got, and the growth also created social stability)

- good for looking at grievances and structural dislocation

- structure-based theory

problems:

- strain theory tries to be a one stop answer for activism, moral panic, mob behavior. and not all of them can be easily explained

- activism : says activism are all outsiders

- moral panic : elites have anxiety and projects them onto vulnerable groups

- mob behavior : a spontaneous response to external issues

What does strain theory say and its views on economic growth and political systems

- strain says social change has cut off previous links and ties and you have to create new ones... collective behavior emerges out of alienation with others

- strain theory looks at conflict, says conflict is a temporary response to a larger social chain, conflicts occur as the economy grows

- shows up in the 1950s (at the time in the USA, economic growth was seen as something we all got, and the growth also created social stability)

- STRAIN THEORY LOOKS AT 'WHY' SOCIAL MOVEMENTS FORM, RESOURCE MOBILIZATION LOOKS AT 'HOW' SOCIAL MOVEMENTS FORM

Structural dislocation

- condition or circumstance in a society that creates a sense of dissatisfaction or unrest among a significant portion of the population.

- seen as a catalyst of social for the emergence of social movements

Resource mobilization looks at what basic questions for the first time

- RESOURCE MOBILIZATION LOOKS AT HOW SOCIAL MOVEMENTS FORM

- looks at people and how situations can be created to encourage collective action

- borrows from logic of collective action

- things that make us grumpy are always with us and they tend to be caused by our social environment, so how do we turn these things into social change and collective action?

- emerges from people who were in SM and unhappy with the negative stereotypes/assumptions associated with SM from strain theory (not every group has to be about democratic capitalist systems or social systems)

how does resource mobilization look at groups

- looks at resource aggregation, organizational structure, and how organizations relate to their environment

- successful groups tend to be able to do the following: get stuff, organize, and use stuff in a successful way to procure power (I feel like that is pretty self-explanatory but it can't hurt to have it written down)

- book definition that I think explains it better : examines the variety of resources that must be mobilized, the linkages of social movements to other groups, the dependence of movements upon external support for success, and the tactics used by authorities to control or incorporate movements

compare resource mobilization to political process theory or political opportunity structure

- okay

-okayy so political process theory is the same as political opportunity structure. they are slightly different but dr. o'brien teaches them as the same thing

- PPT is an external theory while RM is an internal theory

- PPT needs political institutions and actors that are open to innovation

what sort of things does resource mobilization theory use and are they internal or external

- resource mobilization typically uses things internal to the group

- using stuff inside the group, aka not finding political actors or allies to push change

- Civil Rights is often looked at as a resource mobilization group

political opportunity structure

- the strengths and weaknesses in the existing political system that shape the options available to social movement actors

- considered an external theory

- NEEDS POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS AND ACTORS OPEN TO INNOVATION

- groups that have been excluded from power often find their interests dependent on resources from outside their circle

- needs influential allies and can push for demands in places where institutions are open to their ideas

- PPT has allowed for the introduction of 'waves' or protest cycles

- EXISTS A BIT LIKE AN ECONOMIC MODEL BUT IN POLITICAL SPHERE (NOT UNLIKE RESOURCE MOBILIZATION) (LOOKS MORE LIKE POLITICAL PARTIES)

New Social Movement Theory

- late 1970s

- takes into account that not everyone has continuous engagement

- makes identity central

- prioritize issues related to quality of life, self-expression, cultural identity, and environmental sustainability. (cultural and non-political goals)

- also concrete tangible goals

Identity politics

- a reaction to the economic models

- politics are shaped by your identity (race, gender, orientation, class, role in society)

- almost always goes hand in hand with minority political issues

- idea pops up in the '70s

- gives power to traditionally oppressed or ignored

- allows minorities to express this in their own terms and experiences

- more typical in states where you have a tolerance for human rights

Marxist theory (ideas, strengths, weaknesses)

- marx believes innovation is inherently bad

- historical background: the early industrial revolution, working class has destroyed historic family relations

- wants the working class to become more self aware and change their situation (their labor has become a commodity as opposed to something to be valued)

Lenin adds:

- the working class is on their own and will never be able to achieve revolution, so outside forces are needed

- marx was talking about changing the world, lenin was about changing russia

Communist Manifesto

- FIRST TO USE CLASS AS A TERM OF ANALYSIS

- defines revolution as transfer of power from one class to another

McCarthy and Zald -- Resource mobilization

- emphasizes both societal support and constraint of social movement phenomena.

- It examines the variety of resources that must be mobilized, the linkages of social movements to other groups, the dependence of movements upon external support for success, and the tactics used by authorities to control or incorporate movements

- Social movements may receive significant support from individuals and organizations, including those who may not necessarily share the underlying values or grievances of the movement.

- Social movement organizations face strategic challenges in interacting with both authorities and various publics, as they must mobilize supporters, garner sympathy, and influence targets, but face dilemmas in tactics due to potential conflicts between these aims, further influenced by interactions with other organizations.

- Social movements and other industries use things like communication tools, money, how rich people are, how easy it is to reach important places, existing networks, and the types of jobs available, all of which come from how society is set up.

where does social movement get support according to mccarthy and zald

- financial support, coming from donations and grants

- human resources, involving committed activists and volunteers

- expertise and knowledge from professionals

- access to networks and alliances with other organizations

- effective use of media and communication channels for outreach

- legal and institutional support for navigating legal challenges and advocating for policy changes

social movement industry (SMI)

- the collection of SMO's within a social movement

social movement sector (SMS)

- all social movement industries in a society no matter to which social movement they are attached

social movement organization (SMO)

- a complex, or formal, organization that identifies its goals with the preferences of a social movement or a countermovement and attempts to implement them.

- people get categorized as either adherents (people who believe in the goals) or constituents (people providing the resources)

- authority can help and hinder SMOs

- authority can also be drawn into the movement

SMI, SMO, SMS how do they interrelate (example in class in particular)

- if we think of a society as an economy...

- SMIs are like the auto industry

- the SMOs are like the different auto firms (toyota)

- the SMS's are like the different transportation industries in America

- Toyota (SMO) likes to focus attention on what adherents will benefit because they are trying to get non-adherents involved

how do groups survive according to McCarthy and Zeld?

- the more stuff that is available, the more groups will crop up to compete

- the larger amount of resources to people who don't directly benefit, the more social movements you will see

- SMOs (toyota) want their goals met (selling you a car) and for you to be loyal only to that SMO (toyota)

- loyalty can be tied to success ; the more established you are, the more likely you are to survive competition

- the more competitive an industry is (auto industry) then the more likely new SMOs (toyota) will offer narrow goals

- the more money SMO gets, the more professional the organization and the larger it is

moral panic

a widespread and disproportionate reaction to a form of deviance

Transnational groups

- Composed of multinational members whose activities span multiple countries

- Examples of transnational social movements include the global environmental movement, the human rights movement, the anti-globalization movement, and movements for peace and disarmament. These movements play a crucial role in shaping international discourse, influencing policies, and addressing pressing global challenges.

rainbow warrior and what happened

- The Rainbow Warrior was a ship operated by the environmental organization Greenpeace.

- in 1985, the Rainbow Warrior was sabotaged by French intelligence agents in Auckland, New Zealand. They planted bombs on the ship in an attempt to prevent Greenpeace from interfering with French nuclear tests in the Pacific. One activist died.

- France intentionally sunk a ship in a New Zealand harbor -- which is an act of war

impact of transnational environmental activism

types of groups and their tactics

- many of the ideas were to attract media attention, think animal rights activists rushing fashion show runways covered in blood

- HOWEVER, dramatic actions undermine how serious the problem is

- media can get voters to pressure the government to change

- encourage all actors in ways that demonstrate they are aware of environmental concerns

- Ceres (Coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economics) : principles after the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill in 1989. The Ceres 10-Point Code is a set of guiding principles developed by the Ceres organization to encourage companies to adopt sustainable and environmentally responsible business practices.

- Corporate pressure : shareholders can be pressured to comply to the 10-point code, investors can use code to decide if they want to do so, environmentalists can use it to decide if they want to praise or condemn corporate activity

How do these environmental groups target businesses and not just governments and why

- environmental groups target businesses because economics can be a way to pressure companies to change their policies

- in 1990, McDonalds moves away from their burger containers, stopped buying tuna because tuna companies used nets that caught dolphins too

Transnational Advocacy Networks

- a set of individuals and nongovernmental organizations acting in pursuit of a normative objective

- people can live in different societies and collaborate across boarders!

- WWF (world wildlife fund) : got 3rd world countries into the environmental plan by financing conservation in countries and connecting environment to human concerns

what is the difference between mobilizing and organizing?

- mobilization: activation of actors for a cause (get them there)

- organizing: developing a decided order for the actors (get them to act in a specific way)

Meetings and their importance as both a structure and activity

- free spaces are important because they are places for interaction and communication

- helps with meetings and other types of face-to-face encounters

- where social relations develop and create social order and helps foster social change

Meeting event

- the event is WHEN it happens

- make a difference beyond the face to face interactions

Meeting arena

- location location location

- the location is important because it sets expectations of conduct, existence of certain roles and aspects of interaction

- a meeting in a retirement home would be different than a meeting in a strip club

- enable and contain interactions of participants

What is a meeting

- AN EPISODIC GATHER OF **3 OR MORE** CO-PRESENT PARTICIPATES WHO MAINTAIN A SINGLE FOCUS OF COGNITIVE AND VISUAL ATTENTION WHILE ENGAGING IN MULTI-PARTY TALK THAT IS RELATED TO SOME COMMON BUSINESS OF THE PARTICIPANTS

- IT HAS BOUNDARIES OF TIME AND SPACE

- NEEDS A THIRD PERSON TO AVOID IT BEING A PRIVATE CONVO

How do groups work together and within each other

- think of the egyptian revolution in tahrir square and occupy wall street at zuccotti park

- both are meeting arenas

- the occupy movement inspired a hashtag that defined the arena in relation to other corresponding arenas around the world

- there were certain expectations of behavior regarding meeting practices within these

Things all meetings have

- membership : often informal to get as many people as possible to join

- hierarchy : needs to make binding decisions

- rules

- monitoring : transparency on the exchange of information and money

- sanctions : punishment like denying them to talk, not popular in SMs

Tactics of groups

- tactics means what you have

- repertoire of protest : in western society; petitions, demonstrations, marches, vigils, sin-ins, civil disobedience

How and why are tactics different in different countries

- *NUCLEAR PROTESTING IN USA AND EUROPE ARE DIFFERENT BECAUSE OF THE POLITICAL SYSTEMS*

- different tactics for different systems

- in USA, voting and legal action

- in France, you go to the street

Saul Alinsky

- A community organizer based in Chicago, he developed methods for effectively mobilizing a community such as realistic goal setting and personalizing social problems by identifying scapegoats or "villains".

- "the end justify the means"

- rules of radicals

Weapons of the Weak

- social movements work in places where you have the freedom to disagree with the government

- what about places where you can't?

- weaponized incompetence, petty theft, jokes or gossips of authority to undermine them

- small acts of resistance

How do people protest when they have no ability to do so in their system

- to protest, you have to have a safe place to meet and organize

Rules for radicals

important ones she mentioned:

- *POWER IS NOT JUST WHAT YOU HAVE, BUT WHAT OTHERS THINK YOU HAVE*

- keep the pressure on. never let up. keep trying new tactics to keep the opposition off balance. as the target masters one approach, hit them with something new

- never present a problem without providing a possible solution

- pick the target. individual people, not institutions. ("lock hillary up" instead of "reform the state department")

sit-ins

a form of protest in which demonstrators occupy a place, refusing to leave until their demands are met.

- innovative technique used in the civil rights movement

- came from Gandhi

- they are disruptive and draw attention to cause but non-violent (removal can be violent; violence is inflicted ON them, not by them)

- sit-ins could be powerful because many businesses relied upon sales from the full community

Greensboro, NC sitin (what lead up to it, what happened during it))

- the spark that spread

- shop was segregated, whites-only counter

- 4 students sat at the counter and ordered coffee

- many many people began to join this sit-in as well as started others around the region

- shop desegregated on july 25 (first to employees and public the next day)

- sales dropped by 1/3rd which is what made them change their policy

How did sit-ins get large numbers in the 1960s

- Leadership for CORE and NAACP worked together by trading support and information

- networks helped spread movement and ideas

- organizational structure matters!

Tactical Innovation

the creative ways in which agents of social change engage in actions

Violent tactics

- violence is often seen as another tool or only occurs when movements are challenged or are declining as a way to reinforce support

Why can getting access to people who use violent tactics be difficult

- Legal and ethical constraints surrounding violent tactics discourage activists from openly discussing their involvement with researchers

- Trust and credibility issues arise due to fears of surveillance or infiltration by authorities

- Activists may also fear stigmatization, retaliation, and legal consequences if they disclose their engagement in violent actions

- researchers don't want to talk to "shady" contacts

South Africa anti-apartheid violence and tactics

- if government refuses to listen, you have to get attention

- they tried civil disobedience but the gov refused to cave and non-violent acts were met by violence from the gov

- boycotts/sanctions were largely ignored by international actors due to the cold war issue

- sharpesville massacre led to violent tactics (SA bans black movements so they create armed forces)

- strikes, marches and riots

- violent responses were important for peaceful protestors because of their symbolism (violence boosts morale because you're fighting for your cause)

South Africa's apartheid from a domestic and international lens

- South Africa was seen as a Cold War battleground : this could skew interpretation at the local level

- communists were arming insurgents against apartheid -> it's easier to ignore human rights violations in an international context as the Soviet Union was seen as a bigger problem

- South Africa becomes isolated as nations start boycotting them

- UN condemns SA

- South Africans, both white and black, were appalled by the violence from the government. this caused economic instability

Sharpesville massacre

- 1960; peaceful protest against apartheid, crowd quickly gained about 5000-7000 people; police shoot down 69 people, declares state of emergency- suspends rights until problem is solved

- many people were shot in the back while running away, which pissed a lot of people off

- the UN condemns South Africa

- South Africa becomes more isolated

Suicide bombing

a bomb attack carried out by a person, especially a terrorist, who intends or expects to kill themselves as well as other people

Rationales for suicide bombing... why does it occur, why do it, who is involved, is it random?

- people who participate in SB are not insane. you don't want unpredictability in charge of a bomb!

- religious zealots also don't SB

- mostly political reasons in response to political conflict

- strategic instead of random. last resort to get attention, organized campaigns to get specific goals

- sometimes its retaliatory

- carried about by people who have nothing to live for, you may want to make someone pay for it and your life is worth it

- emotions may be stronger than rationalization

ACT UP (what, tactics, goals, why, etc)

- ACT UP stands for the AIDS Coalition To Unleash Power. It is an influential activist organization formed in March 1987 in New York City in response to the AIDS crisis.

goals:

- Access to Treatment

- increased research funding

- public awareness and education

- political and cultural change

tactics:

- Direct Action and Civil Disobedience: ACT UP was known for its bold and confrontational tactics, including sit-ins, protests, and acts of civil disobedience. Members often staged demonstrations at government offices, pharmaceutical companies, and other institutions to draw attention to their demands.

- media campaigns

- die-ins

- political lobbying

- activist art and culture: AIDS quilt

why:

- rapidly growing crisis with extremely high death rates and the government's response was slow and inadequate

- ACT UP's activism was driven by a combination of grief, anger, and a deep sense of injustice.

use of anger in grief by ACT UP

- gay community was angry at its portayal and was especially angry because this negative portrayal was affecting drug resource

- *EMOTIONAL WORK IS OFTEN OVERLOOKED BECAUSE ITS LESS VISIBLE.* it helps see how a group emphasizes some feelings while suppressing others

- ACT UP directed their anger towards entities they believed were responsible for exacerbating the epidemic, including pharmaceutical companies, government agencies, and institutions. They held these entities accountable for their perceived failures and inadequacies.

- CT UP's use of anger within grief was deliberately provocative. It aimed to shock and challenge the public, forcing them to confront the severity of the epidemic and the need for immediate action.

- helps with framing!

street activism by ACT UP

- ACT UP is the first group to say that street activism can be legitimate

- ACT UP activists engaged in direct action, which often involved acts of civil disobedience. This included protests, sit-ins, blockades, and other forms of nonviolent resistance

- ACT UP organized protests at various locations, including government buildings, pharmaceutical companies, medical institutions, and public spaces. They strategically chose venues that were directly relevant to their goals, such as the FDA headquarters or the New York Stock Exchange.

- One of ACT UP's most impactful tactics was the "die-in." Activists would lie down in public spaces to symbolize the devastating impact of AIDS-related deaths. This powerful visual representation served to highlight the urgency of the crisis.

emotional work and it's place in movements

- Emotional work refers to the process of managing, expressing, and harnessing emotions within the context of social movements. It plays a crucial role in shaping the dynamics, strategies, and outcomes of collective action. Here are some key aspects of emotional work and its place in movements

- Motivation and Mobilization

- Building Collective Identity

- Strategic Use of Emotions

- Sustaining Long-Term Engagement

emotional resonance

- Emotional resonance in social movements refers to the ability of a movement's message or actions to deeply connect with individuals on an emotional level. It involves evoking specific feelings or sentiments that resonate with people's personal experiences, values, or concerns.

emotional management

- Emotional management in social movements refers to the intentional regulation and channeling of emotions by activists, organizers, and participants to achieve movement goals and maintain collective cohesion. It involves understanding, acknowledging, and effectively utilizing emotions in pursuit of the movement's objectives.

AIDS quilt project

- a memorial outside of the national mall in DC with panels dedicated to those that had died of AIDS

- using grief and anger!

- *SOME MEMBERS DISLIKED THE OVERLY PASSIVE MESSAGES OF THE QUILT. THEY FELT LIKE THEY WERE IN A WAR IGNORED BY THE GOVERNMENT AND THE QUILY WAS A HINDERANCE TO CONFRONTATIONAL ACTIVISM*

proposition 22

- california defense of marriage act

- restricts marriage to opposite sex couples

- struck down by CA supreme court as contrary to state constitution

proposition 8

- voters overturn ruling by CA supreme court by approving an amendment to state constitution prop 8

- struck down by US district judge as unconstitutional based on 14th amendment

- supreme court rules that prop 8 is unenforceable, marriage licenses resume 2 days later

marriages as theatre

- SM coordinated the first people applying for licenses

- the old lesbian couple was the first to marry, who can deny them that right when they have been together for over 50 years?

- the media portrays the weddings as personally motivated

marriages as tactic

- same sex weddings in SF for a month was defiance of state law and were an act of civil disobedience action to challenge marriage law

- an intentional act

- used marriage which is a mainstream cultural norm as the instrument of protest

- gave people a collective identity

how movements use culture

- cultural tactics DO matter

- weddings were used to make collective claims

- helped spark other forms of political action and mobilization for marriage rights

repertoires of protest

- the recurrent, predictable, and narrow toolkit of specific protest tactics used to express interests and make claims

marriage as an instrument of protest (and concerns)

- some in the queer community disliked using marriage because it assimilates queer culture into heteronormality

- marriages were coordinated by social movements and determined the first people applying for licenses

- weddings gave new forms of solidarity and community to people who became activists