apcg terms

Unitary System

Constitutional power is centralized in the federal government.

Devolution

The process of decentralizing power from the federal to regional governments.

Federal Power

Authority held by the central government.

Democratization

The transition towards a more democratic system.

Bureaucracy

Non-elected officials responsible for implementing government policies.

Parliament

System where district representatives form a legislative assembly.

Presidential

Government system with a directly elected executive.

Semi-Presidential

Power division between a president and prime minister.

Head of State

Public representative dealing with foreign affairs.

Head of Government

Manages domestic policies and affairs.

Common Law

Legal system where judges apply precedent in decision-making.

Code Law

Legal system where judges follow written laws.

Rule of Law

Principle of equal and fair application of laws.

Rule by Law

Using laws as tools of political power.

Legitimacy

Acceptance and rightfulness of a state by its people.

Authority

Legitimate exercise of government power.

Power

Government's ability to influence and control citizens.

Pluralism

Presence of multiple interest groups in a country.

Sovereignty

Supreme authority within a territory.

Political Parties

Organized groups seeking political power.

Interest Groups

Like-minded individuals influencing public policy.

Civil Society

Non-governmental organizations in society.

Godwin's Law

Likelihood of fascism being mentioned in online discussions.

Political Culture

Shared beliefs and values about politics.

Political Socialization

Learning political beliefs from surroundings.

Political Ideology

Mix of political and economic beliefs.

Post-materialism

Shift towards quality of life over materialism.

Individualism

Focus on individual political issues.

Fascism

Nationalist authoritarian ideology.

Populism

Prioritizing the needs of the common people.

Communism

State ownership of means of production.

Neo-liberalism

Individualist economic policy reducing government interference.

Socialism

Mix of free market and state ownership.

Civil Liberties

Fundamental rights protected by the government.

Civil Rights

Government actions protecting people from discrimination.

Social Movements

Groups advocating for political change.

Political Cleavage

Disagreements within society.

Political Efficacy

Citizens' belief in influencing government.

Single-member Districts

Electoral districts electing one representative.

Multi-member Districts

Districts electing multiple representatives.

Proportional Representation

Seats awarded based on popular vote percentage.

Mixed Systems

Utilizing both single and multi-member districts.

Corporatism

System where major societal groups are incorporated into the government.

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

Investment from one country into another.

International Capital Flow

Movement of money across borders.

Multinational Corporations (MNCs)

Companies operating in multiple countries.

International Organizations

Bodies established by international agreements.

Supranational Organizations

Organizations where member countries share governance.

NGOs

Nonprofit groups focusing on social and political issues.

Privatization

Transition of industries from government to private ownership.

Nationalization

Government taking control of certain industries.

Globalization

Interconnection of states through economic liberalization.

Protectionism

Economic policy promoting internal growth.

Bretton Woods

Established worldwide monetary policies and institutions.

Economic Liberalization

Reduction of government intervention in the economy.

Import Substitution Subsidization (ISS)

Policies promoting domestic manufacturing.

Structural Adjustment Policy

Policies mandated by international financial institutions.

Human Capital

Skills and knowledge individuals bring to the economy.

Social Welfare

Government programs aiding those in need.

Means-tested Assistance

Government aid for those below a poverty line.

Conditional Cash Transfer

Government cash for specific family actions.

Social Security

Government monetary assistance program.

Resource Curse

Countries with valuable resources unable to benefit.

Rentier State

Overly dependent on a single exploited resource.

Market-Based Private Insurance

Least common insurance system.

National Health Services (NHS)

Government-managed healthcare system.

National Health Insurance (NHI)

Government-regulated insurance program.

Race to the Bottom

Decreased regulations to attract foreign investment.