units three and four key terms

Conquistador

A Spanish explorer, who conquered lands in the Americas

Caravel

A small fast ceiling ship used by European explorers

Ptolemy’s geography

A book of maps and geographic information used by explorers

Treaty of tordesillas

An agreement dividing newly discovered lands between Spain and Portugal

Mexica empire

The powerful empire and central Mexico also called the Aztec empire

Inca empire

A large empire in South America centered in the Andres

Viceroyalties

Spanish territories ruled by officials called viceroys

Encomienda system

Spanish system that gave colonists control over indigenous labor

Colombian exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, people, and diseases between the Americas and Europe

Peace of Westphalia

The name of a series of treaties that concluded the 30 years of war in 1648. It marked the end of a large scale of religious violence in Europe.

Fronde

A series of violent uprising during the early reign of Louis XIV Triggered by growing royal control and increased taxation

Mercantilism

A system of economic regulations and increasing the power of the state based on the belief that a nation’s international power was based on wealth, specifically a supply of gold and silver

Peace of Utrecht

A series of treaties from 1713 to 1715 the end of the war of Spanish succession and French expansion in Europe and marked the rise of the British empire

Junkers

Press landed Nobles, who dominated a military in government

Boyars

Russian Noble, who held land and political power

Cossacks

Free military communities on Russia’s frontier

Sultan

Title for the ruler of the Ottoman empire

Janissary

Elite Ottomans, infantry loyal to the Sultan

Millet system

Ottoman system allowing religious communities to govern themselves

Constitutionalism

A form of government where power is limited by law and balance between authority and the power of the government. This includes a constitutional monarchy or republics

Republicanism

A form of government where there is no monarchy and power rest in the hands of the people through elected representatives

Puritans

Members of the 16th and 17th century for movement within the Church of England the advocated purifying of Roman Catholic elements like bishops elaborate ceremonies and wedding rings

Protectorate

The English military dictatorship from 1653 to 1658 established by Oliver Cromwell following the execution of Charles I

Test act

Legislation passed by the English parliament in 1673 to secure the position of the Anglican church by stripping Puritans Catholics and other descenders of the right to vote. Preach assemble hold public office and teach at or attend the universities

Stadholder

The executive officer at each of the united provinces of the Netherlands, a physician option held by the princes of Orange

Copernican hypothesis

The idea that the sun not the earth was the center of the universe

Experimental method

The approach pioneer by Galileo that the proper way to explore the workings of the universe with the repeatable experiments rather than speculation

Law of inertia

A law by Galileo that states that motion, not rest, is the natural safe object then object continues in motion, forever, unless stopped by some external force

Law of universal gravitation

Newtons law that all objects are attracted to one another, and that the force of attraction is proportional to the object Quantity of matter and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them

Empiricism

A theory of inductive reasoning that causes for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than deductive reasoning and speculation

Cartesian dualism

Descartes’s View, that all of reality could ultimately be reduced to Mind and matter

Enlightenment

The influential, intellectual and cultural movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries that introducing new worldview based on the use of reason the scientific method and progress

Rationalism

A secular critical way of thinking in which nothing was to be accepted on faith and everything was to be submitted to reason

Philosophes

A group of French intellectual, who proclaimed that they are bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow humans in age of enlightenment

Reading Revolution

The transition in Europe from a society were literacy consist of patriarchal, and communal readings of religious text to society were literacy was common place and reading material was broad and diverse

Rococo

A popular style in Europe in the 18th century known for soft pastels or interiors, sentimental portraits, and starry eyed lovers, protected by hovering Cupid

Public sphere

An idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the enlightenment where the public came together to discuss important issues related to society, economics, and politics

Enlightened absolutism

Term coined by historians to describe the rule of 18 century monarchs, who, without renouncing their own absolute Authority adopted enlightenment, ideas of rationalism, progress and Tolerance

cameralism

View, that monarchy was the best form of government that all elements of society should serve the monarch and that intern the state should use its resources and authority to increase the public good

Haskalah

The Jewish enlightenment of the second half of the 18th century, led by the depression philosopher Moses Mendelssohn