Biology Quiz - Homeostasis and Water Properties

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Homeostasis

The stable state of an ecosystem; all populations are balanced

What disrupts homeostasis?

Abiotic and Biotic Factors

Abiotic Factor

Non living aspects of an ecosystem that influence the populations present

Biotic Factor

Living aspects of an ecosystem that influence the other populations present

Producer (Autotroph)

An organism that performs photosynthesis with sunlight, water, and CO2 to produce their own food in the form of glucose (ex: corn).

Consumer (heterotroph)

An organism that consumes other organisms for energy

Primary Consumer

A herbivore, an organism that eats producers

Secondary Consumer

A carnivore, an organism that eats primary consumers

Tertiary Consumer

A carnivore, an organism that eats secondary consumers

Apex Predator

A carnivore, top of the food chain with no predators

Factors of a stable ecosystem

Stable population size, nutrient cycles, energy flow, biodiversity

Energy flow

The flow of energy from trophic level to trophic level (10% rule)

Biodiversity

Variety of species in an ecosystem

Kelp

Producer

Sea urchins

Primary consumer

Sea otters

Secondary consumer

Orcas

Tertiary consumer (apex predator)

Kelp Increase

Urchin increase, otter increase, orca increase

Urchin increase

kelp decrease, otter increase, orca increase

Otter increase

kelp increase, urchin decrease, orca increase

Orca increase

kelp decrease, urchin increase, otter decrease

Water clarity

How clear the water is, affects hunting

Salinity

The salt content of water

Polarity

Uneven distribution of charges in a molecule (oxygen side of H2O is negative and hydrogen side is positive), causes most important water properties

Cohesion

Water molecules stick to other water molecules

Hydrogen Bonds

Weak bonds between the negative oxygen side of one water molecule and the positive hydrogen side of another water molecule

Adhesion

Water molecules stick to other molecules

Capillary action

Water molecules use cohesion and adhesion to climb thin tubes

Why is capillary action important?

It allows xylems to transport nutrients

Universal Solvency

Dissolves most other materials

Solvent

Dissolves the solute

Solute

Gets dissolved by solvent

High Specific Heat Capacity

Takes a large amount of heat energy to break water's bonds and increase its temperature, keeping its heat stable

Surface tension

The surface water molecules are attracted downwards, creating tension (lets some insects walk on water)

Variable Density

Ice has a lower density than water, allowing it to float on top of lakes instead of freezing the whole body

Covalent Bonds

bonds between atoms performed through the sharing of electrons to fill valence electron shells. Forms between two nonmetals.

Polar covalent bonds

covalent bonds where the sharing of electrons is unequal. Results in slight electrostatic charges on different sides of the molecule.

Ionic Bonds

bonds between atoms through the transfer of electrons to fill valence electron shells. Forms between a metal and a nonmetal.

Phenotypic Trait

Observable characteristics influenced by genetics

Genetic drift

Random fluctuations in the numbers of gene variants in a population

Selective pressure

Environmental factors that kill organisms with certain traits, causing the unselected ones to be passed down and the selected ones to be lost

Gonads

Reproductive organ of urchins, located near a hole. Males release sperm into the water and females release their eggs

Aristotle's Lantern

The mouth of the urchin, contains 5 boney plates that scrape at kelp for food

Tube Feet

Allows the urchin to move, sense, and exchange air

Digestive System (Urchin)

Takes up most of the internal space, usually digests kelp and other algae

Test

Shell of the urchin, 20 rows of plates called ossicles

Spines

Used by urchins to scrape at a rock for a hidey hole, can serve as defense against predators

Pedicellaria

Small pinching appendages on urchins

Water Vascular System

Moves the tube feet through pressure in urchins, causes circulation

Nerve Ring

Surrounds the mouth, controls various parts of the urchin

pH value

The measure of H+ ion concentration, shows how acidic or basic a substance is

Acid

pH lower than 7 (high concentration of H+)

Neutral substance

pH of 7 (equal concentration of H+ and OH-)

Base (alkali)

pH higher than 7 (high concentration of OH-)

Indicator

Compound that changes color dependent on the acidity or alkalinity of a substance

Litmus Paper

Type of indicator

Neutralization

A base and an acid are mixed, creating salt and neutral water

Step 1 of calcium carbonate process

CO2 + H2O → H2CO3 (carbonic acid)

Step 2 of calcium carbonate process

H2CO3 → H+ + HCO3- (bicarbonate, more basic now)

Step 3 of calcium carbonate process

HCO3- → H+ + CO3 (carbonate, more basic now)

Step 4 of calcium carbonate process

Ca found

Step 5 of calcium carbonate process

CO3 + Ca → CaCO3 (calcium carbonate, creates the urchin's shell)

What happens when CO2 is increased?

The calcium carbonate process produces a large amount of H+, making the water highly acidic. This kills kelp, decreasing all the other populations.

Ocean water optimal pH

8 pH