activity analysis midterm exam

what are the components of the DOMAIN within the OTPF-4?

occupations, contexts, performance patterns, performance skills, and client factors.

what are the component of the PROCESS within the OTPF-4?

evaluation, intervention, and outcomes.

what are occupations?

the everyday activities that people do as individuals, in families, and within communities to occupy time and bring meaning and purpose to life.

what are the different areas of occupation?

activities of daily living (ADLs), instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), health management, rest and sleep, work, play, leisure, and social participation.

what are activities of daily living (ADLs)?

activities oriented toward taking care of one's own body and completed on a routine basis.

what are the subcategories of ADLs?

bathing, showering; toileting and toilet hygiene; dressing; eating and swallowing; feeding; functional mobility; personal hygiene and grooming; sexual activity

what are instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs)?

activities to support daily life within the home and community.

what are the subcategories of IADLs?

care of others (including selection and supervision of caregivers); care of pets and animals; child rearing; communication management; driving and community mobility; financial management; home establishment and management; meal preparation and cleanup; religious and spiritual expression; safety and emergency maintenance; shopping

what is health management?

activities related to developing, managing, and maintaining health and wellness routines, including self-management, with the goal of improving or maintaining health to support participation in other occupations.

what are the subcategories of health management?

social and emotional health promotion and maintenance; symptom and condition management; communication with the health care system; medication management; physical activity; nutrition management; personal care device management

what is rest and sleep?

activities related to obtaining restorative rest and sleep to support healthy, active engagement in other occupations.

what are the subcategories of rest and sleep?

rest; sleep preparation; sleep participation.

what is education?

activities needed for learning and participating in the educational environment.

what are the subcategories of education?

formal educational participation; information personal educational needs or interest exploration; information educational participation

what is work?

labor or exertion related to the development, production, delivery, or management of objects or services; benefits may be financial or non-financial (e.g., social connectedness, contributions to society, structure, and routine to daily life).

what are the subcategories of work?

employment interests and pursuits; employment seeking and acquisition; job performance and maintenance; retirement preparation and adjustment; volunteer exploration; volunteer participation

what is play?

activities that are intrinsically motivated, internally controlled, and freely chosen and that may include suspension of reality (e.g., fantasy), exploration, humor, risk taking, contests, and celebrations; is a complex and multidimensional phenomenon that is shaped by sociocultural factors.

what are the subcategories of play?

play exploration; play participation

what is leisure?

nonobligatory activity that is intrinsically motivated and engaged in during discretionary time, that is, time not committed to obligatory occupations such as work, self-care, or sleep.

what are the subcategories of leisure?

leisure exploration; leisure participation

what is social participation?

activities that involve social interaction with others, including family, friends, peers, and community members, and that support social interdependence.

what are the subcategories of social participation?

community participation; family participation; friendships; intimate partner relationships; peer group participation

what are contexts?

the board construct that encompasses environmental factors and personal factors.

what are environmental factors?

are aspect of the physical, social, and attitudinal surroundings in which people live and conduct their lives.

what are the subcategories of environmental factors?

natural environment and human-made changes to the environment; product and technology; support and relationships; attitudes; services, systems, and policies

what are "natural environment and human-made changes to the environment"?

animate and inanimate elements of the natural or physical environment and components of that environment that have been modified by people, as well as characteristics of human populations within the environment.

what are "product and technology"?

natural or human-made products or systems of products, equipment, and technology that are gathered, created, produced, or manufactured.

what are "support and relationships"?

people or animals that provide practical physical or emotional support, nurturing, protection, assistance, and relationships to other persons in the home, workplace, or school or at play or in other aspects of their daily activities.

what are "attitudes"?

observable evidence of customs, practices, ideologies, values, norms, factual beliefs, and religious beliefs held by people other than the client.

what are "services, systems, and policies"?

benefits, structured programs, and regulations for operations, provided by institutions in various sectors of society, designed to meet the needs of persons, groups, and populations.

what are personal factors?

are the particular background of a person's life and living and consist of the unique features of the person that are not part of a health condition or health state.

what are the subcategories of personal factors?

age (chronologically); sexual orientation; gender identity; race and ethnicity; cultural identification and cultural attitudes; social background, social status, and socioeconomic status; upbringing and life experiences; habits and past and current behavioral patterns; individual psychological assists, including temperament, character traits, and coping styles, for handling responsibilities, stress, crises, and other psychological demands (e.g., extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, psychic state, openness to experience, optimism, confidence); education; profession and professional identity; lifestyle; other health conditions and fitness

what are performance patterns?

the acquired habits, routines, roles, and rituals used in the process of engaging consistently in occupations and can support or hinder occupational performance; may be associated with different lifestyles and used in the process of engaging in occupations or activities.

what are habits?

specific, automatic adaptive or maladaptive behaviors; performed repeatedly, relatively automatically, and with little variation.

what are routines?

established sequences of occupations or activities that provide a structure for daily life; they can also promote or damage health, be satisfying, promoting, or damaging; patterns of behavior that are observable, regular, and receptive and provide structure for daily life; require delimited time commitment and are embedded in cultural and ecological contexts.

what are roles?

historically been defined as sets of behaviors expected by society and shaped by culture and context; they mat be further conceptualized and defined by a person, group, or population and the activities ands occupations one engages in.

what are rituals?

symbolic actions within spiritual, cultural, or social meaning contributing to the client's identity and reinforcing values and beliefs; have strong affective component and consist of a collection of events.

what are performance skills?

are observable, goal-directed actions that result in a client's quality of performing desired occupations.

what are the subcategories of performance skills?

motor skills, process skills, and social interaction skills.

what are motor skills?

are the group of performance skills that represent small, observable actions related to moving oneself or moving and interacting with tangible task objects (e.g., tools, utensils, clothing, food or other supplies, digital devices, plant life) in the context of performing a personally and ecologically relevant daily life task.

what are the subcategories of motor skills?

positioning the body; obtaining and holding objects; moving self and objects; sustaining performance

what are the motor skills under "positioning the body"?

stabilizes, aligns, and positions.

what are the motor skills under "obtaining and holding objects"?

reaches, bends, grips, and manipulates.

what are the motor skills under "moving self and objects"?

coordinates, moves, lifts, walks, transports, calibrates, and flows.

what are the motor skills under "sustaining performance"?

endures and paces.

what are process skills?

are the group of performance skills that represent small, observable actions related to selecting, interacting with, and using tangible task objects (e.g., tools, utensils, clothing, food or other supplies, digital devices, plant life); carrying out individual actions and steps; and preventing problems of occupational performance from occurring or reoccurring in the context of performing a personally and ecologically relevant daily life task.

what are the subcategories of process skills?

sustaining performance; applying knowledge; organizing timing; organizing space and objects; adapting performance

what are the process skills under "sustaining performance"?

paces, attends, and heeds.

what are the process skills under "applying knowledge"?

chooses, uses, handles, and inquires.

what are the process skills under "organizing timing"?

intimates, continues, sequences, and terminates.

what are the process skills under "organizing space and objects"?

searches/locates, gathers, organizes, restores, and navigates.

what are the process skills under "adapting performance"?

notices/responds, adjusts, accommodates, and benefits.

what are social interaction skills?

are the group of performance skills that represent small, observable actions related to communicating and interacting with others in the contexts of engaging in a personally and ecologically relevant daily life task performance that involves social interaction with others.

what are the subcategories of social interaction skills?

initiating and terminating social interaction; producing social interaction; physically supporting social interaction; shaping content of social interaction; maintaining flow of social interaction; verbally supporting social interaction; adapting social interaction

what are the social interaction skills under "initiating and terminating social interaction"?

approaches/starts, concludes/disengages.

what are the social interaction skills under "producing social interaction"?

produces speech, gesticulates, and speaks fluently.

what are the social interaction skills under "physically supporting social interaction"?

turns toward, looks, places self, touches, and regulates.

what are the social interaction skills under "shaping content of social interaction"?

questions, replies, discloses, expresses emotions, disagrees, and thanks.

what are the social interaction skills under "maintaining slow of social interaction"?

transitions, times response, times duration, and takes turns.

what are the social interaction skills under "verbally supporting social interaction"?

matches language, clarifies, acknowledges and encourages, and empathizes.

what are the social interaction skills under "adapting social interaction"?

heeds, accommodates, and benefits.

what are client factors?

includes 1) values, beliefs, and spirituality, 2) body functions, 3) body structures; reside within the client and influence the client's performance in occupations.

what are values, beliefs, and spirituality?

client's (person's, group's, or population's) perceptions, motivations, and related meaning that influence or are influenced by engagement in occupations.

what are values?

acquired beliefs and commitments, derived from culture, and what is good, right, and important to do.

what are beliefs?

something that is accepted, considered to be true, or held as an opinion.

what is spirituality?

a deep experience of meaning brought about by engaging in occupations that involve the enacting of personal values and beliefs, reflection, and intention within a supportive contextual environment; it is important to recognize as dynamic and often evolving.

what are body functions?

the physiological functions of body systems (including psychological functions).

what are the subcategories of body functions?

mental functions; neuromusculoskeletal and movement-related functions; cardiovascular, hematological, immune and respiratory system functions; voice and speech functions; digestive, metabolic, and endocrine system functions; genitourinary and reproductive functions; skin and related structure functions

what are the subcategories of mental functions?

specific mental functions; global mental functions; sensory functions.

what is included in "specific mental functions"?

higher level cognitive; attention; memory; perception; thought; mental functions of sequencing complex movement; emotional; experience of self and time.

what is included in "global mental functions"?

consciousness; orientation; psychosocial; temperament and personality; energy; sleep.

what is included in "sensory functions"?

visual functions; hearing functions; vestibular functions; taste functions; smell functions; proprioceptive functions; touch functions; interoception; pain; sensitivity to temperature and pressure.

what are the subcategories of neuromusculoskeletal and movement-related functions?

functions of joints and bones; muscle functions; movement functions.

what is included in "functions of joints and bones"?

joint mobility; joint stability.

what is included in "muscle functions"?

muscle power; muscle tone; muscle endurance.

what is included in "movement functions"?

motor reflexes; involuntary movement reactions; control of voluntary movement; gait patterns.

what are the subcategories of cardiovascular, hematological, immune and respiratory system functions?

cardiovascular system functions; hematological and immune system functions; respiratory system functions; additional functions and sensations of the cardiovascular and respiratory system.

what are the subcategories of skin and related structure functions?

skin functions; hair and nail functions.

what are body structures?

anatomical parts of the body, such as organs, limbs, and their components that support body function.

what are the subcategories of body structures?

structure of the nervous system; structures related to the eyes and ears; structures involved in voice and speech; structures of the cardiovascular, immunological, and respiratory systems; structures related to the digestive, metabolic, and endocrine systems; structures related to the genitourinary and reproductive systems; structures related to movement

what is activity?

incorporates units of behavior; includes use of object/action; comprises of skill or task components.

what is activity analysis?

(the actions/steps of the activity; looking at only what it takes to do the activity)

a way of thinking about the demands of the activities in general; consideration of the activity in terms the abstract, or in a general sense; considers what are the components required for participation; contributes to the design of interventions (understanding the nature of the activity, relative to possible client conditions, or possible occupational performance challenges); for the purpose of activity selection, determining therapeutic value, effective modification/grading

what is occupation?

personally experienced and goal-directed; provides meaning' meets the needs of the individual and others in the social world.

what is occupational analysis?

(in the context of the client; puts the activity into context so it has a role/meaning)

client-centered analysis; understanding the specific situation of the client; personal significance and meaning; attending to the specific details of the client's specific occupations within a specific context; specific to the person, the person's occupational performance, and the performance context; contributions to the analysis of occupational performance during evaluation

what is grading?

is how we challenge the patient's ability, by progressively changing the process, tools, materials, or environment of a given activity to gradually increase or decrease performance demands; ongoing process of "tweaking" based on the match between the client's ability level, individual goals, and the demands of the activity; central to the concept of the "just right challenge".

what is modification?

is a specific type of intervention approach, directing at finding ways to revise activity demands in order to support performance in the natural setting; changes made to how the activity is performed in order to enable client participation; changing the process of the activity.

what is adaption?

another word for modification; changing of modifying an aspect of the activity to allow for successful participation in an occupation; is not done with the intent to reduce or increase the demands of the client; changing the activity demands to increase participation (done so using adaptive materials or changing the materials of the activity).

how do people learn?

by observing, listening, doing... and connecting it to something else.

what are the different theories involved in learning?

behaviorism; cognitivism; social learning theory.

what is behaviorism?

observable, measurable changes in behavior; proposed by pavlov and skinner with a focus on punishments and rewards.

what is cognitivism?

knowledge stored cognitively as symbols, mental processes and connections.

what is social learning theory?

proposed by bandura that learning takes place through observation and sensorial experiences.

according to bandura, human behavior is determined by...

cognitive/personal factors (knowledge, expectations, attitudes); behavioral factors (skills, practice, self-efficacy); environmental factors (social norms, access in community, influence on others).

bandura believed that human beings have...

specific abilities, and that only reciprocal determinism can explain their operation and interaction.

what are the components of bandura's reciprocal determinism?

1) models and intimate; 2) self-reflect; 3) regulate own behavior.

what does it mean to "self-reflect" in the context of learning?

a human quality and that is expressed in the concept of self-efficacy (the belief in one's capabilities to organize and execute the sources of action required to manage protective situations); means to understand issues that arises with teaching and learning.

according to bandura, people's level of motivation, affective states, and actions are based more on...

what they believe than on what is objectively the case.

what is the universal design for teaching?

is the design and composition of an environment so that it cane be accessed, understood, and used to the greatest extent possible by all people, regardless of their age, size, ability or disability.

what are the components of the universal design for teaching?

involves engagement (for purposeful, motivated learners), representation (for resourceful, knowledgeable learners), and action and expression (for strategic, goal-directed learners).

what are the four "Ps" for teaching?

prepare, present, practice, and perform.