MIDTERM REVIEWER FOR COMPA LEC

Hypertrophy : increase in cell size :: Hyperplasia : ?

Increase in cell number

Somatic cell : 2n :: Gamete : ?

n (haploid)

Rough ER : proteins for secretory pathways :: Smooth ER : ?

Lipid and steroid synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, detoxification

Organic bone component : flexibility and tensile strength :: Inorganic component : ?

Hardness and resistance to compression

Pig : os rostrale :: Bird : ?

Entoglossal element

Horse orbit : complete bony margin :: Dog orbit : ?

Incomplete, completed by the orbital ligament

Atlanto-occipital joint : "yes" movement :: Atlantoaxial joint : ?

"No" movement (rotation)

Pig : 7 sternal rib pairs, 6 sternebrae :: Dog : 9 sternal rib pairs, ? sternebrae

8

Horse radius and ulna : fused, ulna reduced :: Dog radius and ulna : ?

Separate bones joined by joints and soft tissue

Cattle ischial tuberosity : trifid :: Dog gluteal surface of ilial wing : ?

Distinctly concave

Pubic symphysis : cranial part of pelvic symphysis :: Ischial symphysis : ?

Caudal part

Ball-and-socket joint : shoulder :: Plane joint : ?

Intercarpal or intertarsal joints

Endomysium : one muscle fiber :: Epimysium : ?

Surrounds the entire muscle

Flexor : decreases joint angle :: Extensor : ?

Increases joint angle

Biceps brachii : fusiform :: Deltoid : ?

Multipennate

Superficial gluteal : caudal gluteal nerve :: Middle gluteal : ?

Cranial gluteal nerve

Digestive tract : mouth to anus :: Digestive glands : ?

Organs producing digestive secretions

Rostral boundary of mouth : lips :: Caudal boundary : ?

Oropharynx

Enamel : covers crown :: Cementum : ?

Covers the root

Trigeminal : fifth cranial nerve :: Vagus : ?

Tenth, the longest

Filiform papillae : bristle-like :: Fungiform papillae : ?

Mushroom-shaped

Hard palate : rostral roof separating oral and nasal cavities :: Soft palate : ?

Musculomembranous continuation with base and free border

Pig soft palate : small median uvula :: Pig tonsils : ?

Pharynx, soft palate, and sinuses

Hard palate rostral and lateral limits : ? :: Palatine rugae : palatine ridges

Upper alveolar arches

Esophagus, inner layers : mucosa, submucosa :: Outer layers : ?

Tunica muscularis and tunica adventitia

Cardia : esophageal entrance :: Pylorus : ?

Distal region leading to duodenum

Right extremity of stomach : pyloric region :: Left extremity : ?

Fundic region

Rumen : fermentation vat :: Reticulum : ?

Honeycomb lining

Reticulum : left, opposite ribs 6-8 :: Omasum : ?

Right of midline, ribs 7-11

Duodenum : most fixed segment :: Jejunum : ?

Longest, most movable

Sheep small intestine : about 80 feet :: Pig : ?

About 60 feet

Taeniae : longitudinal smooth muscle bands :: Haustra : ?

Sacculations (pouched)

Horse cecum : about 4 feet :: Horse large colon : ?

About 10 feet

Pig cecum : cylindrical, left side, 3 taeniae :: Dog cecum : ?

Small, finger-like, spirally twisted

Serous saliva : watery :: Mucous saliva : ?

Thick, due to mucin

Liver : produces bile :: Gallbladder : ?

Stores and concentrates bile

Horse liver : no gallbladder :: Dog liver : ?

Gallbladder visible from extremely convex parietal surface

Pancreatic duct : ventral :: Accessory pancreatic duct : ?

Dorsal

Alpha cells : glucagon :: Beta cells : ?

Insulin

Gastrosplenic ligament : spleen to greater curvature :: Horse suspensory ligament : ?

Base of spleen to left diaphragmatic crus and left kidney

Metaplasia : one mature cell type replaced by another :: Anaplasia : ?

Loss of cellular differentiation (primitive-looking cells)

G1 : growth before DNA replication :: S phase : ?

DNA replication

Protein-secreting cell : abundant RER and Golgi :: Steroid-secreting cell : ?

Abundant smooth ER

Long bone : lever :: Short bone : ?

Distributes forces and diffuses concussion

Frontal bone : begins as paired element :: Adult occipital bone : ?

Unpaired composite bone

Pig maxilla : deeply concave laterally :: Sheep maxilla : ?

Convex lateral surface

Cattle : C7 T13 L6 S5 :: Dog : ?

C7 T13 L7 S3

Sternal rib : own costal cartilage to the sternum :: Floating rib : ?

Free ventral end (the last pair in the dog)

Radial carpal : scaphoid :: Accessory carpal : ?

Pisiform

Horse femur : third trochanter prominent :: Cattle femur : ?

Distinct third trochanter absent

Synarthrosis : immovable :: Diarthrosis : ?

Freely movable (synovial)

Hip ball : femoral head :: Hip socket : ?

Acetabulum

Arrector pili : erection of hairs :: Extraocular muscles : ?

Eyeball movement

Agonist : prime mover :: Fixator : ?

Stabilizes a part during movement

Suprascapular nerve : infraspinatus :: Subscapular nerve : ?

Subscapularis

Quadriceps femoris : femoral nerve :: Caudal thigh muscles : ?

Sciatic nerve branches

Salivary glands : saliva :: Liver : ?

Bile

Incisors : cutting :: Canines : ?

Holding and tearing

Horse wolf tooth : first premolar :: Dog carnassial pair : ?

Upper fourth premolar and lower first molar

Genioglossus : extrinsic tongue muscle :: Styloglossus : ?

Extrinsic tongue muscle (third, with hyoglossus)

Fungiform, foliate, vallate papillae : have taste buds :: ? papillae : lack taste buds

Filiform

Oral surface of soft palate : anterior pillar :: Aboral surface : ?

Posterior pillar

Horse hard palate : central raphe divides it into two equal parts :: Dog hard palate : ?

Widest at 4th cheek tooth, raphe replaced by small ridge

Nasopharynx : communicates with nasal cavity :: Oropharynx : ?

Communicates with oral cavity

Horse esophagus : striated to heart level, smooth distally :: Dog esophagus : ?

Striated throughout

Cardiac sphincter : prevents reflux :: Pyloric sphincter : ?

Regulates stomach-duodenum passage

Horse stomach : margo plicatus :: Pig stomach : ?

Diverticulum ventriculi

Omasum : laminae :: Abomasum : ?

True glandular stomach (rennet)

Esophageal groove : lets milk bypass rumen and reticulum :: Atrium ventriculi : ?

Where the esophagus enters the ruminant stomach

Jejunum : major absorptive segment :: Ileum : ?

Peyer's patches

Horse : ventral pancreatic and bile ducts open into diverticulum duodeni :: Dorsal pancreatic duct : opens ?

On a small papilla opposite

Ruminants : fermentation in rumen and reticulum :: Hindgut fermenters : ?

Cecum and colon

Right ventral colon : leads to :: Ventral diaphragmatic flexure : leads to ?

Left ventral colon

Ansa spiralis : spiral portion of colon :: Ansa distalis : ?

Terminal portion of colon

Parotid gland : serous :: Mandibular gland : ?

Mixed

Parietal surface of liver : convex, faces diaphragm :: Visceral surface : ?

Flat to concave, faces neighboring organs

Ox liver : caudate process visible from parietal surface :: Sheep liver : ?

Not visible

Amylase : carbohydrates :: Lipase : ?

Fats

Ox pancreas : quadrilateral :: Pig pancreas : ?

Triradiate

Horse spleen : triangular :: Pig spleen : ?

Strap-like or belt-like

Atrophy : decrease in cell size :: Neoplasia : ?

Abnormal, autonomous new growth (benign or malignant)

Mitosis : division of the nucleus :: Cytokinesis : ?

Division of the cytoplasm

Nucleolus : rRNA production :: Nuclear pores : ?

Regulate transport between nucleus and cytoplasm

Humerus : long bone :: Scapula : ?

Flat bone

Incisive bone : premaxilla :: Zygomatic bone : ?

Malar or jugal

Dog calvaria : relatively narrow :: Cat calvaria : ?

Broad and rounded

Mammals : 7 cervical vertebrae :: Chicken : ?

14 cervical vertebrae

Pig scapula : no acromion, tuber overhangs infraspinous fossa :: Dog scapula : ?

Distinct acromion near distal end; spine roughly divides surface into two fossae

Ulnar carpal : triquetrum :: Carpal IV : ?

Hamate

Horse fibula : distal element forms lateral malleolus :: Pig fibula : ?

Complete fibula

Suture : skull bones :: Gomphosis : ?

Tooth root in alveolus via periodontal ligament

Intervertebral disc joint : slightly movable :: Facet joint : ?

Synovial

Skeletal muscle : striated, voluntary :: Cardiac muscle : ?

Striated, involuntary

Levator : raises :: Depressor : ?

Lowers

Elbow flexors : musculocutaneous nerve :: Elbow extensors : ?

Radial nerve

Quadriceps femoris : four-part cranial thigh group :: Quadratus femoris : ?

Separate, deep caudal hip muscle

Pancreas : digestive gland :: Gallbladder : ?

Not a digestive gland (stores bile)

Premolars : shearing, crushing, grinding :: Molars : ?

Crushing and grinding

Maxillary branch of CN V : upper teeth :: Mandibular branch : ?

Lower teeth

Lingual nerve : general sensation, rostral two-thirds :: Chorda tympani : ?

Taste, rostral two-thirds