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Amperage

The unit fr measuring electrical current flow

Direct

—- flows in one direction

Alternating

____ current changes direction

Voltage

— is the electrical pressure or force

Resistance

— to flow is measured in Ohms

Impedance

In AC circuits the actual resistance of a load is called

Loads, sources, conductors

Circuits must have consumers or —, power —, & — providing paths along with controllors & protection

Wattage

Electrical power usage is expressed with —

Series, drops, current

In a —- circuit, the voltage —- at each load, the —- is the same throughout the circuit and the total resistance is the sum of all the individual resistances

Ohms law

V = A x O

Watts Law

P = I x E or W = A x V

Parallel, less

In a —- circuit, the voltage applied to each leg is the same, current through each leg will be different if the resistances values are different, the sum of current from each leg equals the total amperage, and the total resistance is —- than the smallest resistive leg

Sum

Kirchoffs voltage law states that the —- of the voltage drops in a circuit equals the source

Hybrids

— vehicles run on 42 to 600 volts

Resistors

— are used to drop voltage and limit current flow. In doing so they produce heat

Fixed

An ignition system ballast resistor or resistance wire is an example of a —- value resistor

tapped, stepped

A blower motor resistor is a —- or —- resistor used to control fan speed

Pontentiometer

A TPS is an example of a —-

Rheostat

The VAT-40 and VAT 45 machines contain a carbon pile —- with 2 connections

Thermister

A —- is used to provide compensating voltage in components or act as a temperature sensor as in an IAT or an ECT

Fuses, Fuse links, Maxi-fuses, circuit breaker

Circuit protection from amperage overloads or shorts that cause increased current flow is provided by —-, —-, —-, and —-

Cycling

Some circuit breakers are —-, while others need to be manually reset

Instrument Voltage Regulators (IVR)

— restrict voltage to sensitive instrument cluster gauges

Poles, throws

A switch is described by its —- (P# of input circuits) and its —- (T# of output circuits)

Relay

A —- is an electromagnetic switch that allows a small amount of current to control a higher current circuit

Jumper

Suspects relays can be checked with —- wire or by substitution with a known good unit

Solenoid

A —- is an electromagnetic switch with a hollow coil of wires and a movable soft iron core or plunger that uses a small amount of current to control a larger current

Conductors, 4

— are materials that have less than — electrons in their outer orbit

Insulators, 4

— are materials that have more than — electrons in their outer orbit

stranded

Most automotive wiring is multi —- for flexibility

Flat

— wiring reduces the bulge or thickness of a wiring harness

Printed

— circuit boards are used inside of computer modules and in the instrument cluster

Open

— that occur when a circuit is incomplete

Shorts

— that occur when a circuit has an unwanted path for current

High - resistance

— problems that occur when there is unwanted resistance

prevents

An open problem —- a circuit from operating

Short to ground

A —- reduces resistance and increases current flow to blow the fuse

Short to power

A —- also know as a “short to hot” turns a circuit on at the wrong time

reduces

High resistance in a path —- current flow

voltage available

12 volt test lights are used to check for —-

Self powered

A —- test light is used to check for continuity

Lab Scope

— are fast reacting meters that measure and display voltage over time

fuse

Jumper wires with a —- or a circuit breaker can be used to by-pass wires or switches

Memory saver

A computer —- will preserve power to volatile RAMs when the battery is disconnected for service

1, 10

A DMM used on computer circuits should have an input impedance of — MΩ to —- MΩ

Cat 3

A DMM used on high voltage hybrid vehicles should be ANSI & SCA —- 1000v rated

ranging

The auto —- feature on meters detects the proper range and sets the meter to read it

parallel, series

A DMM set to measure volts is always connected in —- to a circuit (never in —-)

Ammeters, inductive

— are connected either in series or using —- pickups to measure current

Ohmmeters, voltage

— are always used on components disconnected from their —- source

Duty cycle, pulse width, frequency

A DMM may also measure —, which is a percentage of circuit on time. —- normally measured in milliseconds and —- in hertz

Vertical

On a lab scope voltage is show on the —- axis

Horizontal

On a lab scope time is shown on the —- axis

Digital Storage Oscilloscope (DSO)

An analog scope in a real time scope

Vertical, Horizontal

On a DSO, amplitude is shown on the —- axis and frequency is shown —- axis

connectors

Many electrical problems can be traced to either faulty wiring or faulty —-

Picks

Wire terminal — and release tools prevent connector damage when unlocking terminals

Single, double

Lamps can be —- or —- filament and can vary in their wattage rating

High Intensity Discharge (HID)

— have a blue white color, close to daylight and make their light by arcing electricity between 2 electrodes that excite xenon gas

Flash to Pass

Bi-Xenon systems have HID for low & high beam and a halogen for —-

Light emitting diodes, LED

— lights used —- as their source of light

Headlight Switch

The —- is a multi function switch for headlights, parking lights

Dimmer switch

The —- used to switch from bright to dim, operate the flash to pass feature

Daytime Running Lights (DRL)

— operate the headlights at a reduced voltage anytime the vehicle is running in daylight

photocell

Automatic lights use a —- sensor that determines the ambient light level and automatically turns on the headlight system

Delay

A headlight — system keeps the lights on for some period of time after igniton is shut off

Detection

High beam —- systems turn on the high beam lights for better visibility when no vehicles are sensed in front of or behind the car

Adaptive

— headlights aim in the direction that the vehicle is turning

Power, ground

Lighting can be either —- side switched or —- side switched

Flashers

— are circuit breaking components of the turn signal and hazard warning systems

Controlling

Electronics is the technology of —- electricity and all of the basic laws of electricity also apply to all electronic controls

Capacitor

A —- is used to quickly store (charge) & release (discharge) electrical charge

Capacitance

The ability of a capacitor to store energy is called —- and the standard of measure for capacitance is the farad

Capacitors, voltage

— oppose a change in —- and are used as noise reduction units in circuits

Semi-Conductors

— are materials with exactly 4 electrons in the valence rings

Silicon, Germanium

Common semi conductor materials are —- and —-

hole flow

Semi conductors carry current without losing electrons through the concept of —

Diode

What is the simplest semi conductors device?

PN, junction

The diode contains a —- junction. A diode conducting is said to be —- biased and will typically have a voltage drop of 0.4 to 0.7 volts

Reverse

A diode that is blocking or not allowing flow is said to be —- biased and reads OL when checked with the diode test mode on a DMM

Polarity

Diodes “turn off” (conduct) when the —- (direction) of the current flow is correct and “turn off” (block flow) or (OL) when the —- is incorect

Charging

Diodes are popular in —- systems where they are used to rectify AC to DC

Zener Diodes

— allow reverse polarity flow with out damage after their “threshold or — voltage” is reached. They are often used in charging system voltage regulators

Clamping diodes

— are connected in parallel across coils of wire to prevent damage from induced voltage spikes returning to the PCM and other electronic component as the coil shuts off

Transistor

A —- is a semiconductor switch “controlled by conditions”. It switches a circuit on or off from the signal of another circuit

PNP, NPN

A transistor is like two diodes assembled back to back to form either a —- or an —- type

Emitter, Base, Controller

Names of the 3 legs of a transistor

Negative, PNP

A —- voltage (ground) must be applied to the base of a —- transistor to turn it on

Positive, NPN

A —- voltage (hot) must be applied to the base of an —- transistor to turn it on

Integrated Circuit

An —- is a large # of diodes, transistors, resistors, capacitors, mounted to a semiconductor material used to make logic decisions and commands

Computer (ECM)

A —- is an electronic device that stores and processes data

Microprocessor (PCM or any ECU/CPU)

A —- is a small version of a computer

Input, Processing, Storage, output

4 basic functions or operations of a computer

Programmed

The PCM (CPU) receives sensor input signals that it checks against —- values

Switches

— are used as inputs for operations that only require a yes-no or an on-off condition

Feedback

— means that the data concerning the effects of the PCMs output commands are fed back to the computer as an input signal

Sensors, Detect

All —- perform the same basic function. They —- a mechanical condition, a chemical state, or a temperature condition and change it

Reference, Generating

All input sensors fall under one of two operating categories

Binary

Computer language

Baud Rate

Communication rate, expressed in bits per second processed