procedures exam 2

Compact Bone

Strong, dense outer later

Spongy Bone

Inner less dense layer spiculated network

Ossification

Development and formation of bones

2 processes in ossification

Intermembranous and endochondral

When does ossification begin?

Second month of embryonic life

Types of Bones

Short, long, flat, irregular, sesmoid

What is the largest bone in the body?

Femur

Arthrology

Study of joints, or articulations between bones

Arthrology is classified in two ways

Functional and structural

Arth

Joint

Ology

Study of

Synarthroses

Immovable, no movement once formed

Amphiarthroses

Slightly moveable in certain situations

Diarthroses

Freely moveable

Synarthroses match with what connective tissue

Fibrous Tissue

Amphiathroses match with what connective tissue?

Cartilaginous

Diarthroses match with what connective tissue?

Synovial Tissue

What are the 3 connective tissues?

Fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial

Types of synovial (moveable) joints

Gliding, hinge, pivot, ellipsoid, saddle, and ball and socket

What is the most freely moveable joint?

Ball and Socket

2 types of cartilaginous joints

Symphysis and Synchondrosis

Process or Projection

Extend beyond or project out from the main body of a bone

Depressions

Hollow or depressed areas

Fractures

A break in bone

Muscles can only attach to what

Rigid or bump in bone

Condyle

Big rounded process at an articular end

Corocoid or coronoid

Beaklike or crown like process

Crest

Ridgelike process

Epicondyle

Projection above a condyle

Epi

Above

Facet

Small, smooth-surfaced articular process

Hamulus

Hook-shaped process (head/skull)

Head

Expanded end of a long bone (femur)

Malleolus

Club-shaped process (ankles)

Anatomy

The term applied to the science of the structure of the body

Physiology

The study of the function of the body organs

Osteology

The detailed study of the body of knowledge relating to the bones of the body

Body Planes

Sagittal, coronal, horizontal, and oblique

Sagittal Plane

Divides the body into left and right segments. Passes through vertically from front to back.

Mid Sagittal Plane

Specific Sagittal plane that passes through the midline and divides the body into EQUAL left and right haves.

Coronal Plane

Pass through the body vertically from side to side. Dividing the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back)

Midcoronal plane (Midaxillary)

Specific plane that passes through midline and divides the body into EQUAL anterior and posterior halves.

Horizontal Plane( transverse, axial, or cross-sectional)

Passes crosswide through the body or body part at right angles to the longitudinal axis. Divides the body into superior and inferior portions.

Oblique Plane

Passes through the body part at any angle

Interiliac Plane

Transects the body at the pelvis at the top of the iliac crest (L4)

Occlusal Plane

Formed by biting surface of the upper and lower teeth with jaws close. It is the space between your teeth when your mouth is shut.

What do we use often to find a patients anatomy?

Iliac Crest

What are the 2 great cavities?

Thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity

What splits the two cavities?

Diaphragm

What does the thoracic cavity contain

Pleural membranes, lungs, trachea, esophagus, pericardium, heart and the great vessels

What is inside the pericardium?

The heart and great vessels

What does the abdominal cavity contain

Peritoneum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, stomach, intestines, kidneys, ureters, and major blood vessels

What does the pelvic cavity contain

Rectum, urinary bladder, and part of the reproductive system

Abdomen is divided into what 2 methods

Quadrants and regions

The abdomen is bordered superiorly and inferiorly by what

The diaphragm and the superior pelvic aperture (inlet)

Quadrants of the abdomen

Right upper RUQ, right lower RLQ, left upper LUQ, and left lower LLQ

When someone comes in with stomach pain we ask them to point to where the pain is, why?

pointing to us allows us to see the quadrant and find out more quicker

Regions of the abdomen

Superior, Middle, Inferior

Regions of the abdomen: superior

Right hypochondrium, epigastrium, left hypochondrium

Regions of the abdomen: middle

Right lateral, umbilical, left lateral

Regions of the abdomen: inferior

Right inguinal, hypogastrium and left inguinal

Hypo

Below

Epi

Above

Hyper

High

Radiographers rely on what to locate unseen anatomy

Palpable external landmarks

We use what as landmarks?

Bones

A in the front of a term means what?

Without

Body habitus

Common variations in the shape of the human body

Why is body habitus important in radiography?

It determines the size, shape and position of organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities

4 types of body habitus

Sthenic, hyposthenic, asthenic, an hypersthenic

What are the two most common body habitus’s

Sthenic and hyposthenic

5 bone functions and what they do

1. Attachment for muscle-mechanical basis for movement

2. Protection of internal organs

3. Support frame for body

4. Storage for calcium, phosphorus and other salts

5. Production of red and white blood cells

How many bones do we have in the body

206

206 bones are divided into 2 main groups, what are they

Axial and appendicular

How many bones does the axial Skelton have?

80 bones

How many bones do we have in our appendicular skeleton

126 bones

What does the axial skeleton support?

It supports and protects the head and trunk

What does the appendicular skeleton do?

It provides means for movement

Periosteum

Tough, fibrous connective tissue that covers bone, except at articular ends

Medullary Cavity

Central cavity of long bones, contains trabeculae filled with yellow marrow, and red marrow found in ends of long bones

What does yellow bone marrow do?

It stores fat cells

What does red marrow do?

It produces red and white blood cells

2 processes of bone development

Intermembranous and endochondral

What are flat bones formed by

Intramembranous ossification

The endochondral ossification creates what

Short, irregular, and long bones

What 2 distinct centers of development does the endochondral ofssification occur from

1. Primary ossification begins before birth and forms long central shaft in long bones

2. Secondary ossification occurs after birth when separate bones begin to develop at both ends of long bones

What are short bones

Consist mainly of cancellous bone with a thin outer layer of compact bone

Example of short bones

Carpal bones

Example of long bones

Femur and humerus

What are long bones found in limbs

Consist of body and 2 enlarged articular ends.

What 2 joints don’t have joint cavities?

Cartilaginous and fibrous joints

What are fibrous joints?

They are united by various fibrous and connective tissues and ligaments

Fibrous joints are what?

Strongest joints in the body

Syndesmosis

Immovable or slightly moveable. United by fibrous sheets. Example is inferior tibiofibular joint.

Gomphosis

Immovable joint only in roots of teeth

Gomphosis

Immovable joint only in roots of teeth

Cartilaginous joints are what?

Virtually immovable & theres 2 types of them

What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints?

Symphysis and synchondrosis

What are synovial joints?

They permit wide range of motion; freely moveable. They are Complex joints and are enclosed by articular capsules.

Many synovial joints have accessory soft tissues like..

Meniscus and bursae