1 - Acids, Bases, and Intro to Organic Reactions

How do you rank Acids and Bases

These rules are for bases so when comparing acid turn to conjugate bases:

CARDIO

C - Charge: More negatively charged species are typically more basic and more positively charged species are typically more acidic

A - Atom: The larger and/or more electronegative the atom with a negative charge, the more stable it is

R - Resonance-stabilization: More resonance means more stable

DI - Dipole Induction: EWGs near the atom with negative charge stabilizes teh ion/molecule

O - Orbitals: A pair of electrons is more stable as follows sp>sp2?sp3

What is the overarching rule for determining the strength of bases?

The more stable the base, the weaker the base is

What is the overarching rule for determining the strength of acids?

The more stable the conjugate base, the stronger the acid

How do you find the conjugate base

Use bronsted lowry definitions

Bronsted Lowry Acids donate H+ to form conj base

Most strong nucleophiles have what?

A negative charge or a lone pair of electrons at the very least

What is the trend for nucleophile strength in aprotic solvents?

Nucleophile strength increases up the table and to the left

What is the trend for nucleophile strength in protic solvents?

Nucleophile strength increases down the table and to the left

What are characteristics of electrophiles

They are electron pair acceptors

What are the common electrophiles

Alkyl halides, carbonyl groups, and carbocations

EDGs make nucleophiles _____ and electrophiles _____

Stronger; weaker

EWGs make nucleophiles ______ and electrophiles ______

Weaker; stronger