psy 280 test 2 for yay

Internalizing

Problems directed inward toward the self

Externalizing

Problems involving conflict with the environment

Temperament

A person's natural, innate style of reacting to the world and handling emotions

Reactivity and self-regulation

Two broad dimensions of temperament

Reactivity

How a person responds to things happening around them

Self-regulation

The ability to control attention, behavior, and emotions in response to the world

Surgency and negative affectivity

Two types of reactivity

Surgency

Tendency to be energetic, emotionally positive, and drawn to rewards and new experiences

Negative affectivity

Innate tendency to experience frequent and intense negative emotions

Effort control

Ability to manage attention, control impulses, and regulate behavior

Features of internalizing

Unwanted emotional states, unstable emotions, and reactive emotions

Features of externalizing

Impulsivity, illegal activities, anger, aggression, and disregard for others

Internalizing subfactors

Fear, distress, disordered eating, and sexual problems

Externalizing subfactors

Disinhibition, antagonism, and antisocial behavior

Disinhibition

Impulsivity and risk-taking

Antagonism

Hostility, aggression, and willingness to dominate, manipulate, or harm others

Antisocial behavior

Combination of disinhibition and antagonism

Internalizing subfactor memory

Free Doughnuts Every Summer (Fear, Distress, Eating, Sexual problems)

Externalizing subfactor memory

Don't Act Aggressive (Disinhibition, Antagonism, Antisocial behavior)

Internalizing genetics

Moderately heritable, with strong genetic overlap across disorders

Genetic overlap in distress disorders

What is the level of genetic correlation? Large

Genetic overlap in fear disorders

What is the level of genetic correlation? Moderate

Neuroticism

Tendency to experience unwanted or negative emotions

Internalizing temperament

High negative affectivity and low surgency

Types of stressors

Social, practical, and structural

Internalizing vicious cycle

Internalizing problems can cause people to experience more stressors in the future

Externalizing temperament

Low effortful control and high negative affectivity

Externalizing problems

What can social stress lead to?

Stressful events

What can externalizing problems lead to?

Externalizing brain

Reduced volume and activity in the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex

Orbitofrontal cortex

Brain region associated with disinhibition

Amygdala

Brain region associated with antagonism

Obsessions

Thoughts that feel foreign, unwanted, and intrusive

Compulsions

Repetitive behaviors that feel mandatory and reduce anxiety in the short term

OCD brain circuit

Hyperactive brain circuit involving the cortex, striatum, and thalamus

Cortex

Brain region involved in conscious thoughts and actions

Striatum

Brain region involved in motivation and reward

Thalamus

Brain region that integrates information

Amygdala

Brain region involved in detecting emotions

OCD medication

Antidepressants

Cognitive-behavioral mechanisms of OCD

Thought suppression, thought-action fusion, and intolerance of uncertainty

Thought-action fusion

Believing that thoughts can cause actions or that thinking something makes it more likely to happen

Cognitive-behavioral treatment for OCD

Identifies and challenges distorted thoughts; uses exposure and response prevention

Exposure and response prevention

Exposure to feared thoughts or situations while resisting compulsions

Why is OCD different from other anxiety disorders? Obsessions are internal and compulsions are used to neutralize intrusive thoughts and distress

Psychosis

State in which a person loses contact with reality

Delusions

Unusual beliefs that are inconsistent with reality and highly resistant to change

Hallucinations

Sensing things that are not actually there

Causes or contexts of psychosis

Psychotic disorders, nonpsychotic disorders, medical disorders, isolation, bereavement, substance use, substance withdrawal, sensory deprivation, sleep deprivation, and religious or spiritual experiences

Five schizophrenia symptoms

Delusions, hallucinations, negative symptoms, disorganized speech, and disorganized behavior or motor symptoms

Positive symptoms

Delusions (beliefs) and hallucinations (perceptions)

Negative symptoms

The 5 A's

Disorganized symptoms

Disorganized speech and disorganized motor behavior

Catatonia

Significant disturbance in movement or behavior, such as immobility, unusual postures, or purposeless agitation

Brief psychotic disorder

Psychotic symptoms lasting at least 1 day but less than 1 month, followed by a full return to previous functioning

Schizophreniform disorder

Schizophrenia-like symptoms lasting 1–6 months

Schizophrenia

Symptoms lasting at least 6 months, including at least 1 month of active symptoms and functional decline

Schizoaffective disorder

Schizophrenia symptoms combined with major mood episodes, including at least 2 weeks of psychosis without a mood episode

Prodromal phase

Early warning period with changes before obvious psychosis

Active phase

Clear psychotic symptoms appear

Residual phase

Symptoms decrease, but some difficulties remain

Schizophrenia brain

Disrupted communication and connectivity between brain regions

Prefrontal cortex

Brain region involved in thinking, planning, and decision-making

Hippocampus

Brain region involved in memory

Amygdala

Brain region involved in emotion

Thalamus

Brain region that relays sensory information

Striatum

Brain region involved in movement and reward

Substantia nigra

Brain region involved in dopamine production and movement

Dopamine hypothesis

Excessive dopamine activity in certain brain pathways contributes to positive symptoms of schizophrenia

First-generation antipsychotics

Primarily block dopamine and mainly treat positive symptoms

Second-generation antipsychotics

Affect dopamine and serotonin systems and help positive and some negative symptoms

Pros of antipsychotic medication

Reduces hallucinations, delusions, and risk of relapse

Cons of antipsychotic medication

Side effects

Cognitive biases in schizophrenia

Misinterpreting experiences and developing unusual beliefs

Types of cognitive biases

Attention bias, attribution bias, jumping to conclusions, and misinterpreting sensations

Attention bias

Difficulty focusing on relevant social cues

Attribution bias

Misinterpreting why something happens

Jumping to conclusions

Making decisions without enough evidence

Coordinated specialty care

Team-based treatment approach for people experiencing their first episode of psychosis

Personality disorders

Enduring, inflexible, maladaptive patterns of inner experience and behavior

Cluster A

Odd or eccentric behavior; can resemble milder schizophrenia-related features

Cluster A mnemonic

Please Stop Schizophrenia (Paranoid, Schizoid, Schizotypal)

Paranoid personality disorder

Distrustful and suspicious of others; assumes people have bad intentions

Schizoid personality disorder

Detached from relationships, prefers being alone, and shows little emotion

Schizotypal personality disorder

Eccentric thoughts and behavior, with discomfort in close relationships

Cluster B

Dramatic, emotional, and erratic behavior that can make relationships difficult

Antisocial personality disorder

Persistent disregard for and violation of others' rights

Borderline personality disorder

Intense instability in mood, self-image, and relationships

Histrionic personality disorder

Extreme emotional expression and strong desire to be the center of attention

Narcissistic personality disorder

Grandiose sense of importance, need for admiration, and lack of empathy

Grandiose narcissism

Believing oneself to be unique, powerful, or better than everyone else

Vulnerable narcissism

Feeling weak, fragile, or ashamed while needing admiration, approval, and support

Cluster C

Anxious or fearful behavior

Cluster C mnemonic

Anxious Dogs Obey (Avoidant, Dependent, Obsessive-compulsive)

Avoidant personality disorder

Avoids relationships and social situations due to fear of rejection or criticism

Dependent personality disorder

Excessive need to be cared for and difficulty making decisions independently

Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

Perfectionism, control, and extreme focus on rules and order

Categorical assessment

Diagnoses a person as either having or not having a specific disorder

Dimensional assessment

Measures a person's symptoms on a scale of severity

Five-factor model

Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism