Lab Practical 1 - Biology of Plants Lab

Examples of plant organs (5)

Stems, leaves, flowers, roots, and fruits

Plants

Autotrophic organisms with cell walls that grow in permanent sites and photosynthesize using the pigment in chlorophyll within chloroplasts

Dumb King Phillip Comes Over For Good Soup

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species

What suffix do plant families end in?

-aceae

Examples of non-vascular plants

Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts

Examples of vascular plants

Ferns, conifers, and flowering plants

Vascular plants are also called…

Tracheophytes

Non-vascular plants are also called…

Bryophytes

Vascular plants/tracheophytes

Complex tissues are present, which transport water, nutrients, and sugars throughout the plant body

Non-vascular plants/bryophytes

Lack complex tissues, but may have simpler, specialized tissues

Herbaceous plants

Lack woody tissues

Woody plants

Perennial plants with hard stems

Two main variations in vascular plants

Angiosperms and gymnosperms

Angiosperms

Vascular plants that produce flowers and bear their seeds in fruits, can be woody or herbaceous

What is the largest and most diverse group in the plantae kingdom?

Angiosperms

Are angiosperms woody or herbaceous?

They can be both

Angiosperm features (3)

Flower, fruit, and seed

Flower

Reproductive structure of a plant containing the ovary and/or pollen

Fruit

Developed upon successful fertilization of ovary in flower and houses the seed(s)

Seed

Houses the plant embryo and nutritive tissue

Gymnosperm features (2)

Cone and seed

Are gymnosperms woody or herbaceous?

Woody

Gymnosperms

Woody, cone-bearing plants that bear naked seeds

Cone

Houses the seed(s) of gymnosperms

Plant life cycles (3)

Annual, biennial, and perennial

Annual plant life cycle and duration

Lives for one year, flowers once, quick growing, and dies after seeding

Biennial plant life cycle and duration

Lives for two years, grows vegetatively in 1 year, and blooms in year 2

Perennial plant life cycle and duration

Lives for several years, blooms multiple times, and regrows each year

Fill in the blue box with what part of the plant the pointer is indicating

Reproductive

Fill in the red box with what part of the plant the pointer is indicating

Vegetative

Fill in the orange box with what part of the plant the pointer is indicating

Root system

Fill in the purple box with what part of the plant the pointer is indicating

Shoot system

What does the two-term naming system consist of?

Genus and epithet

What is the two-term naming system more formally called?

Binomial Nomenclature

Shoot/stem apical meristem

Area that produces new growth such as foliage, branches, and flowers from the shoot/stem of the plant

Root apical meristem

Area of new growth in the tip of a root

Apical/terminal bud

The buds found at the apex of the stem or branch

Lateral/axillary bud

The buds found in the axil of a leaf that come off the side of the stem

Types of cells (2)

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic

What type of cells do plants have?

Eukaryotic cells

Plant cell features (3)

Chloroplasts, vacuoles, and cell wall present, can absorb liquids, and creates food by photosynthesis

Animal cell features ()

No cell wall present, eats other cells, cannot absorb as much liquid as plant cells, forms a variety of shapes, and has lysosomes

What is the cell wall made of?

Cellulose

What features do both plant and animal cells have?

Nucleus, eukaryotes, and size

Organelles

Specialized structures within a living cell

Cell membrane

Semi-permeable barrier surrounding the cell that protects it from the enviroment

Cytoplasm

The material within a living cell

Nucleus

Eukaryotic organelle housing the cell’s genetic material and DNA

Vacuole

Membrane-bound organelle that stores various substances, one large main one is present in most plant cells

Mitochondria

Generates energy for the cell through cellular respiration

Cell wall

Rigid, structural layer that protects and supports the cell

Plasmodesma

An opening in the cell that allows for materials to move between cells via cytoplasm

Chloroplast

Undergoes photosynthesis

Photosynthesis

The process where light energy from the sun is converted into chemical energy/food

How long ago did photosynthetic bacteria begin releasing oxygen into earth’s atmosphere?

~2.4 billion years ago

Main photosynthetic bacteria

Cyanobacteria

What happened as a result of the Great Oxygenation Event?

The mass extinction of anaerobic organisms

The Endosymbiotic Theory

Organelles such as the mitochondria and chloroplasts came about as a result of the early symbiosis between prokaryotic bacteria and eukaryotic host cells

Evidence for the Endosymbiotic Theory

MADDR

MADDR

Membranes, antibiotics, division, DNA, and ribosomes

Membranes of MADDR

Some organelles have double membranes, the outer membrane may be of vesicular origin

Antibiotics of MADDR

Susceptible to antibiotics, indicating organelles may have bacterial origins

Division of MADDR

Reproduction occurs via a fission-like process

DNA of MADDR

Has its own DNA in a prokaryotic-like structure

Ribosomes in MADDR

Has ribosomes that are identical to prokaryotic ribosomes, being 70S in size

Types of plastids (3)

Chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and leucoplasts

What are two plastids within leucoplasts?

Amyloplasts and elaioplasts

Plastid

Any of a class of small organelles in the cytoplasm of plant cells, containing pigment or food

Chromoplast

A plastid containing red/orange pigment (carotenoids)

Leucoplast

A plastid storing starch, lipids, or proteins

Amyloplast

A plastid that stores starch

Elaioplast

A plastid that stores lipids

Cyclosis

The directed movement or flow of cytoplasm within a cell to transport materials

Raphides

Needle-shaped calcium oxalate crystals that are found in specialized cells that cause irritation when touched, discouraging herbivory

Mitosis

A single parent cell divides to produce two genetically identical diploid daughter cells

Interphase

Pre-mitosis, cells spend most time here, growing and preparing for cell division

Prophase

Chromatin condenses into chromosomes and duplicates

Metaphase

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

Anaphase

Chromosomes get pulled apart and cell starts to pinch in the middle

Telophase

Cell splits apart into two identical daughter cells

Meiosis

Cell division for sexual reproduction, a single parent cell divides to produce four unique haploid daughter cells

What parts of a plant cell are typically visible with a compound light microscope? (4)

Cell wall, nucleus, nucleolus, and chloroplasts

Potatoes are mostly composed of…

Parenchyma cells

Parenchyma cells are… (2)

Unspecialized and have thin cell walls

Meristematic tissues (2)

Apical meristems and lateral meristems

Permanent tissues (non-meristematic) (3)

Ground, dermal, and vascular

Are ground tissues simple or complex?

Simple

Are dermal tissues simple or complex?

Complex

Are vascular tissues simple or complex?

Complex

Types of ground tissues (3)

Parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma

Types of dermal tissues (2)

Epidermal and cork

Types of vascular tissues (2)

Xylem and phloem

Meristematic tissues are found in…

Meristems

Where does the majority of mitosis take place in plants?

Meristems

Primary growth

Increases the plant in length

Secondary growth

Increases the plant in width

Do herbaceous plants have lateral meristems?

No

Do woody plants have lateral meristems?

Yes

Where are lateral meristems found in woody plants?

Along the inner sides of roots and stems

Permanent tissues

Consist of cells that are no longer actively diving and are now specialized