Bio 51 Exam 3 (Plants,Fungi)

Embryophytes

Land plants

named for their ability to retain and nourish a developing embryo

Retention of the zygote

The process in which the zygote remains inside the archegonium and develops into an embryo on the parent gametophyte

Placental transfer cells

Specialized cells that transfer nutrients from the gametophyte to the developing sporophyte embryo

Sporogenous tissue

Tissue inside a sporangium that contains diploid sporocytes

Sporocytes

Diploid cells that undergo meiosis to produce haploid spores

Sporopollenin

A tough resistant polymer that forms the protective walls of spores

Apical meristem

A region at the growing tip of a plant where cells repeatedly divide to increase length

Epidermis

The outer protective tissue or skin of a non-woody plant

Cuticle

A waxy outer covering that helps prevent water loss

Stomata

Adjustable pores in the plant epidermis that allow gas exchange and water vapor loss

Guard cells

Specialized cells that control whether stomata open or close

Transpiration

The loss of water vapor from a plant through stomata

Gametangia

Multicellular plant structures in which gametes are formed

Venter

The swollen basal portion of an archegonium that contains the egg

Homosporous

Describes a plant that produces one kind of spore that usually develops into a bisexual gametophyte

Heterosporous

Describes a plant that produces two kinds of spores: microspores and megaspores

Bisexual gametophyte

A gametophyte that produces both male and female reproductive structures

Unisexual gametophyte

A gametophyte that produces only male or only female reproductive structures

Exosporic development

Development in which the gametophyte grows outside the spore wall

Endosporic development

Development in which the gametophyte develops inside the spore wall

Microspore

A small spore that develops into a male gametophyte

Megaspore

A large spore that develops into a female gametophyte

Microgametophyte

The male gametophyte that develops from a microspore

Megagametophyte

The female gametophyte that develops from a megaspore

Microsporangium

The structure that produces microspores

Megasporangium

The structure that produces megaspores

Microsporocyte

A diploid cell that undergoes meiosis to produce microspores

Megasporocyte

A diploid cell that undergoes meiosis to produce megaspores

Nucellus

The thickened megasporangium of a seed plant that remains closed and surrounds the developing female gametophyte

Integument

A protective layer of parent sporophyte tissue surrounding the nucellus that later becomes the seed coat

Micropyle

A small opening in the integument through which pollen can enter the ovule

Functional megaspore

The one megaspore that survives and develops after the other three usually die

Ovule

A structure containing the integument

Pollen grain

A microspore wall containing the greatly reduced male gametophyte

Generative cell

A cell inside the pollen grain that divides to produce two sperm cells or sperm nuclei

Tube cell

A cell inside the pollen grain that grows into the pollen tube

Pollen tube

A tube that grows from the pollen grain and delivers sperm toward the eggs

Pollination

The transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules

Pollination droplet

A sticky liquid released near the micropyle that captures pollen and helps draw it into the ovule

Seed

A structure containing a plant embryo

Seed coat

The protective outer covering of a mature seed formed from the integument

Radicle

The embryonic root that usually emerges first during seed germination

Epicotyl

The embryonic shoot region of a seed

Cotyledons

Embryonic seed leaves that can have different functions depending on the plant

Germination

The process in which a seed resumes growth after absorbing water and activating its metabolism

Bryophytes

Nonvascular land plants including liverworts

Lycophytes

Seedless vascular plants that include club mosses such as Lycopodium

Monilophytes

Seedless vascular plants that include ferns and related groups

Gymnosperms

Seed plants that generally produce exposed or naked seeds rather than seeds enclosed in fruits

Angiosperms

Flowering plants whose seeds develop inside ovaries that become fruits

Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgoophyta)

The living ginkgo species

a gymnosperm with swimming sperm

Cycads (Cycadophyta)

Gymnosperms that have swimming sperm

Conifers (Coniferophyta)

Gymnosperms including pines

Rhizoid

A thin structure that anchors a bryophyte gametophyte to the ground but does not function as a true root

Thallus

A flattened plant body that is not divided into true stems and leaves

Lignin

A strong polymer in plant cell walls that provides structural support

Lignified vascular tissue

Vascular tissue strengthened by lignin that helps support a plant on land

Protonema

An early growth stage that develops when a bryophyte spore germinates

Gametophore

A structure that bears gametangia and develops from the protonema

Seta

The stalk of a bryophyte sporophyte that supports its capsule

Foot

The base of a bryophyte sporophyte that anchors it in the gametophyte

Peristome

Structures around the opening of a moss capsule that help release spores

Xylem

Vascular tissue that mainly transports water and minerals upward from the roots

Phloem

Vascular tissue that transports sugars and other organic nutrients throughout the plant

Root

An organ of vascular plants that anchors the plant and absorbs water and minerals from soil

Shoot system

The aboveground portion of a plant consisting of stems and leaves and flowers in angiosperms

Lycophyta

The seedless vascular plant group that includes club mosses spike mosses and quillworts

Strobilus

A compact structure made of sporophylls that bear sporangia

Sporophyll

A modified leaf that bears sporangia

Monilophyta

The seedless vascular plant group that includes ferns horsetails and whisk ferns

Sorus

A cluster of sporangia on a fern sporophyll

Endosperm

Triploid nutritive tissue that provides food for the developing plant embryo

Double fertilization

Process in flowering plants where one sperm fertilizes the egg and another fuses with the polar nuclei

Embryo sac

The greatly reduced female gametophyte of flowering plants usually containing eight cells

Polar nuclei

Two haploid nuclei in the embryo sac that fuse with a sperm to form the triploid endosperm nucleus

Synergids

Two cells near the egg that help guide or assist fertilization

Antipodals

Three cells at the opposite end of the embryo sac from the egg

Ovary

The swollen base of the carpel that contains the ovules and develops into the fruit

Locule

The internal space or chamber inside an ovary where ovules are located

Carpel

A modified leaf folded around and bearing ovules

Pistil

The female flower structure consisting of an ovary style and stigma

Stigma

The sticky part of the pistil that receives pollen

Style

The stalk connecting the stigma to the ovary

Receptacle

The central axis of a flower where its parts attach

Calyx

The collective term for all the sepals of a flower

Sepal

Usually green leaf-like flower part that protects the developing flower bud

Corolla

The collective term for all the petals of a flower

Petal

Usually colorful flower part that attracts pollinators

Stamen

The male reproductive structure of a flower made of a filament and anther

Filament

The stalk that supports the anther

Anther

The part of the stamen containing pollen sacs

Androecium

The collective group of stamens in a flower

Gynoecium

The collective female reproductive structures of a flower

Fruit wall

The wall of the ovary that develops as the fruit develops

Monocot

Flowering plant whose embryo has one cotyledon

Eudicot

Flowering plant group whose embryos generally have two cotyledons

Chitin

Structural material found in fungal cell walls and arthropod exoskeletons

Hyphae

Filaments that make up most fungal bodies