Human Anatomy & Development Exam 2

glenoid fossa

a shallow, pear-shaped (pyriform) articular surface located on the lateral angle of the scapula (shoulder blade). It acts as the socket for the shoulder joint

humerus

single long bone of the upper arm, extending from the shoulder to the elbow

deltoid tuberosity

a raised, roughened V-shaped bony eminence located on the lateral aspect of the shaft of the humerus (upper arm bone), roughly at its midpoint or upper third

greater tubercle

s the prominent lateral bony projection on the upper end (proximal extremity) of the humerus (upper arm bone), situated lateral to the head of the humerus and posterolateral to the lesser tubercle

humeral head

ball-like upper part of the humerus that articulates with the shallow socket of the shoulder blade to form the ball-and-socket humerus

acromion

a flat, bony projection at the top of the shoulder blade (scapula) that forms the highest point of the shoulder

supra-spinous fossa

a smooth, concave bony depression located on the posterior surface of the scapula (shoulder blade), positioned superior to the spine of the scapula

infra-spinous fossa

a broad, shallow depression on the dorsal (back) surface of the scapula (shoulder blade), located directly inferior (below) the spine of the scapula

spine of the scapula

a prominent, shelf-like ridge of bone that runs diagonally across the upper-back (posterior) surface of the shoulder blade

scapula

a flat, triangular bone located on the upper back that connects the upper arm bone (humerus) to the collarbone (clavicle)

infraglenoid tubercle

a small, rough bony prominence located on the lateral border of the scapula, directly below the glenoid cavity (the shoulder socket)

ilium

the uppermost, largest, and most superior of the three bones that compose the human hip bone and pelvic girdle

shoulder joint

a synovial ball-and-socket joint that connects the upper arm bone to the shoulder blade, providing the greatest range of motion of any joint in the human body

intertubercular (bicipital groove)

a deep vertical depression on the upper, front-outer part of the humerus (arm bone)

lesser tubercle

a small, prominent bony projection located on the anterior and medial side of the upper arm bone (humerus) near the shoulder joint

supra-glenoid tubercle

a small, rough bony projection located on the superior (upper) rim of the glenoid cavity on the scapula (shoulder blade), just above the shoulder socket

• ventral

coracoid process

a small, hook-shaped bony structure projecting forward and outward (anterolaterally) from the upper neck of the scapula (shoulder blade), sitting just beneath the outer part of the collarbone (clavicle)

subscapular fossa

a broad, concave depression on the anterior (costal or ventral) surface of the scapula (shoulder blade) that faces the thoracic rib cage

lateral epicondyle

the outer bony bump on the lower end of the humerus (upper arm bone) that serves as a primary attachment point for several forearm and wrist extensor muscles and ligaments

medial epicondyle

the prominent bony bump located on the inner (medial) side of the lower end of the humerus (upper arm bone) at the elbow joint

capitulum

the smooth, rounded knob on the lateral (outer) part of the lower (distal) end of the humerus (upper arm bone)

trochlea

the smooth, spool-shaped (pulley-shaped) articular projection located on the inferomedial side of the distal end of the humerus (upper arm bone)

radial head

the disk-shaped, knobby end of the radius bone located inside your elbow joint

ulnar tuberosity

a rough, elevated bony prominence located on the anterior and proximal surface of the ulna, situated just inferior to the base of the coronoid process

radius

one of the two long bones in the forearm, running parallel to the ulna on the lateral (thumb) side

ulna

the longer of the two long bones in the forearm, running parallel to the radius on the medial side—the side of the pinky

radial tuberosity

a small, rough bony prominence located on the medial side of the upper (proximal) radius bone in the forearm, just below the radial neck

elbow joint

complex synovial hinge and pivot joint that connects the upper arm to the forearm and allows the arm to bend, straighten, and rotate

interosseous crests

sharp, bony ridges on the shafts of paired long bones in the upper and lower limbs that serve as the main attachment sites for interosseous membranes

styloid process of radius

a blunt, conical bony projection located on the inferolateral aspect of the distal end of the radius bone in the forearm

styloid process of ulna

a small, pointed bony projection (about 4 to 6 mm long) located at the distal (wrist) end of the ulna, on the side of the pinky

carpal bones

eight small, irregularly shaped bones that form the wrist and connect the forearm bones (radius and ulna) to the metacarpals of the hand. They are arranged in two rows of four

proximal row carpal bones

closest to the forearm

• Scaphoid: Boat-shaped bone; the most commonly fractured carpal bone

• Lunate: Moon-shaped bone that articulates directly with the radius

• Triquetrum: Wedge-shaped bone located on the medial side of the wrist

• Pisiform: Small, pea-shaped sesamoid bone embedded within the flexor carpi ulnaris tendon

distal row carpal bones

closest to the fingers

• Trapezium: Four-sided bone at the base of the thumb with a saddle-shaped joint for thumb movement

• Trapezoid: Small, wedge-shaped bone next to the trapezium

• Capitate: The largest and most central carpal bone

• Hamate: Distinguished by a prominent hook-like projection (hook of the hamate)

metacarpals

FIVE long bones located in the palm of the hand that connect the wrist (carpal bones) to the fingers and thumb (phalanges)

proximal phalanges

the first and largest row of digital bones in the hands and feet, located closest to the palm or foot

• 5

middle phalanges

he middle bone located in the fingers (digits 2–5) of the hand and the lateral four toes of the foot

• not on thumb

distal phalanges

tiny bones located at the very tips of your fingers and toes; form the terminal segments of each digit

• 5

wrist joint

a synovial ellipsoid (condyloid) joint that connects the forearm to the hand

• ROM: flexion/extension, radial/ulnar deviation, supination/protonation

carpo-metacarpal joint

articulations in the hand connecting the carpal bones of the wrist to the five metacarpal bones of the palm

• synovial joint

• ROM: flexion/extension, abduction/adduction

metacarpo-phalangeal joint

synovial condyloid joints located where the palm bones (metacarpals) connect to the first bones of the fingers (proximal phalanges)

• ROM: flexion, minor hyperextension

proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP)

the middle joint of each finger (located between the proximal and middle phalanges)

• synovial hinge

• ROM: flexion, with minor hyperextension

distal interphalangeal joint (DIP)

the first knuckle nearest the fingertip, connecting the middle and distal phalanges in digits two through five

• ROM: flexion, with minor hyperextension

olecranon process

the large, thick, curved bony projection at the upper, back end of the ulna that forms the hard, pointy tip of your elbow

• dorsal view

trapezius

Origin: external occipital protuberance, ligamertium nuchae spinous process of C7-T12

Insertion: lateral third of clavicle, acromium process, scapular spine

Action: superious fibers elevate scapula, mid fibers retract the scapula, inferior fibers rotate the scapula to elevate the shoulder joint

thoracic lumbar fascia

a broad, diamond-shaped layer of dense connective tissue and aponeurosis that spans the lower and middle back, acting as a structural bridge between the spine, pelvis, and core

pectoralis major

ORIGIN: clavicle sternumn, costal cartilages of T1-T6

INSERTION: bicipital groove

ACTION: adduct the humerus at the shoulder joint, medially rotate humerus at the shoulder joint, flex humerus from a neutral or extended position, extend the humerus from flexed position to neutral

deltoid

ORIGIN: clavicle acromion spine of scapula

INSERTION: deltoid tuberosity

ACTION: abduct the humerus at the shoulder joint, anterior fibers flex the humerus at the shoulder joint, posterior fibers extend the humerus at the shoulder joint

supraspinatus

ORIGIN: supraspinous fossa

INSERTION: superior aspect of greater tubercle

ACTION: abduct humerus at shoulder joint

infraspinatus

ORIGN: infraspinous fossa

INSERTION: posterior aspect of greater tubercle

ACTION: laterally rotate humerus at the shoulder joint

teres minor

ORIGIN: lateral margin of scapula

INSERTION: posterior aspect of greater tubercle

ACTION: laterally rotate humerus at the shoulder joint

subscapularis

ORIGIN: subscapular fossa

INSERTION: lesser tubercle of humerus

ACTION: medially rotate humerus at the shoulder joint

what are the rotator cuff muscles?

• Subscapularis

• Supraspinatus

• Infraspinatus

• Teres minor

brachialis

ORIGIN: distal half of anterior humeral shaft

INSERTION: ulnar tuberosity

ACTION: flex the forearm at the elbow joint

biceps brachi

ORIGIN: short head → coracoid process, long head → supraglenoid tubercle

INSERTION: radial tuberosity

ACTION: flex the forearm at the elbow joint, suponate the forearm from a flexed position

triceps brachii

ORIGIN: long head → inferglenoid tubercle, lateral head → proximo-later humeral shaft, medial head → distomedial humeral shaft

INSERTION: olecronion process

ACTION: extend the forearm at the elbow joint

pronator teres

ORIGN: medial epicondyle

INSERTION: middle proximal radial shaft

ACTION: protonate the forearm

flexor carpi radialis

ORIGIN: medial epicondyle

INSERTION: base of 2nd metacarpal

ACTION: flex hand at the wrist joint, abduct the hand at the wrist joint

flexor carpi ulnaris

ORIGIN: medial epicondyle

INSERTION: pisiform hamate base of 4th and 5th metacarpal

ACTION: flex the hand at the wrist joint, adduct the hand at the wrist joint

flexor digitorum superficialis

ORIGIN: medial epicondyle, proximal half of radial shaft

INSERTION: bases of MP 2-5

ACTION: flex the proximal phalanges at the MP joint, flex the middle phalanges at the PIP joint

flexor digitorum profundus

ORIGIN: proximal ulnar shaft, interosseus membrane

INSERTION: distal phalanges of digits 2-5

ACTION: flex distal phalanges at distal inter-phalangial joint, flex hand at the wrist

flexor pollicis longus

ORIGN: anterior radial shaft, interossesus membrane

INSERTION: base of distal phalanx of thumb

ACTION: flex the thumb at MP

opponens pollicis

ORIGIN: flexor retraculum trapezium schaphoid

INSERTION: lateral aspect of 1st metacarpal

ACTION: oppose the thumb (bring 1st metacarpal towards thumb)

abductor pollicis brevus

ORIGIN: flexor retraciculm

INSERTION: lateral aspect of base of 1st proximal phalanx

ACTION: adduct the thumb, assist in opposition

flexor pollicis brevus

ORIGIN: flexor retraciculm

INSERTION: lateral aspect of base of 1st proximal phalanx (more palmer than abductor)

ACTION: flex the thumb (proximal phalanx)

thenar muscles

a group of three intrinsic muscles located at the base of the thumb on the palm side of the hand; all controlled by the same median nerve

• Abductor Pollicis Brevis

• Adductor Pollicis

• Flexor Pollicis Brevis

• Opponens Pollicis

• Flexor Retiniculum

adductor pollicis

ORIGIN: 3rd metacarpal

INSERTION: medial side of base of 1st proximal phalanx

ACTION: adduct the thumb

extensor carpi ulnaris

ORIGIN: lateral epicondyle

INSERTION: base of 5th metacarpal

ACTION: extend the hand at the wrist, adduct the hand at the wrist

extensor carpi radialis longus

ORIGIN: lateral epicondyle

INSERTION: base of 2nd metacarpal

ACTION: extend the hand at the wrist joint, abduct the hand at the wrist joint

extensor carpi radialis brevis

ORIGIN: lateral epicondyle

INSERTION: base of 3rd metacarpal

ACTION: extend the hand at the wrist joint, abduct the hand at the wrist joint

extensor digitorum

ORIGIN: lateral epicondyle

INSERTION: extensor expansion of digits 2-5

ACTION: extend digits 2-5 at MP, PIP, & DIP joints

1st layer of forearm & hand muscles

• Pronator Teres

• Flexor Carpi Radialis

• Flexor Carpi Ulnaris

• Palmaris Longus

2nd layer of forearm & hand muscles

• Flexor digitorum superficialis

3rd layer of forearm & hand muscles

• Flexor Digitorum Profundus

• Flexor Pollicis Longus

4th layer of forearm and hand muscles

deepest

• Pronator quadratus

median nerve

one of the three main nerves of the upper limb, originating from the brachial plexus (spinal roots C5 through T1). It runs down the arm and forearm into the hand, providing vital motor and sensory functions

flexor retrinaculum

ligament in the wrist or the laciniate ligament in the ankle) is a strong, fibrous band of connective tissue that bridges bony concavities to form protective tunnels for tendons, nerves, and vessels

carpal tunnel

a narrow, fibro-osseous passageway on the palmar side of the wrist that connects the forearm to the hand

• a condition caused by pressure on the median nerve as it passes through a narrow passageway in the wrist

• roof is flexor retrinaculum

musculo-cutanenous nerve

RAMI: C5-C7

Modality + Distribution:

• Somatic Motor: muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm

• Somatic Sensory: skin of the lateral forearm

median nerve (interventions)

RAMI: C6-T1

Modality + Ditribution:

• SM: to most muscles of the anterior compartment of forearm & same muscles in palm + hand (thenar)

  • SS: to most of palm, digits 1-3, ½ of digit 4

ulnar nerve

RAMI: C8-T1

Modality + Distribution:

• SM: to 1½ muscles in anterior compartment of forearm (flex carpi ulnaris), ulnar half of flexor digitorum profundus, + most muscles in the hand

• SS: ulnar 1/3 of palm, digit 5, ½ of digit 4

axillary nerve

RAMI: C5,C6

Modality + Distribution:

• SM: deltoid, teres minor

• SS: to shoulder joint, skin sensation over deltoid muscle

radial nerve

RAMI: C5-T1

Modality + Distribution:

• SM: to all muscles in posterior compartments

• SS: shin of posterior arm, posterior forearm

nasal cavity

the large, air-filled space above and behind the nose in the middle of the face. It serves as the uppermost part of the respiratory tract, connecting the external nostrils (nares) to the upper throat (nasopharynx)

oral cavity

mouth; the first part of the digestive tract and a shared passageway for digestion, breathing, and speech

bony palate

the hard, immobile front portion of the roof of the mouth that separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity

mandible

lower jawbone) is the largest, strongest, and only movable bone in the human skull

pharynx

a muscular, mucus-lined tube about 4 to 4.5 inches long that extends from the base of the skull down to the esophagus and larynx. It serves as a shared passageway for both the respiratory and digestive systems

esophagus

a muscular tube that carries food, liquids, and saliva from your throat (pharynx) to your stomach

diaphragm

a thin, dome-shaped sheet of skeletal muscle and tendon located below the lungs and heart. It acts as the primary partition separating the thoracic (chest) cavity from the abdominal cavity

esophagus hiatus

an oval-shaped opening in the diaphragm through which the esophagus passes from the thoracic cavity into the abdominal cavity

peristalsis

a series of automatic, wave-like smooth muscle contractions and relaxations that move food, fluids, and waste through the digestive tract and other hollow tubes in the body

cardiac sphincter

a ring-shaped, involuntary muscle located at the junction where the esophagus connects to the stomach

pancreas

a 6- to 10-inch-long, fish- or pear-shaped gland located deep in the upper abdomen behind the stomach. It acts as a dual-function (heterocrine) gland responsible for both digestion and blood sugar regulation

• part sits behind the stomach

• connects to liver and duodeum

main pancreatic duct

a central tubular structure that runs through the length of the pancreas to transport digestive enzymes into the small intestine

common bile duct

passes through the head of the pancreas before joining the main pancreatic duct to empty into the small intestine (duodenum)

accessory pancreatic duct

a secondary duct in the human pancreas. It helps drain digestive enzymes (pancreatic juice) from the upper portion of the pancreatic head into the small intestine.

ampulla

a small, flask-like point where the common bile duct and the main pancreatic duct merge inside the wall of the duodenum

stomach

a hollow, J-shaped muscular organ in the upper-left part of the abdomen that stores, churns, and breaks down food

• sitting between the esophagus and the small intestine.

• contains cardia, fundus, body sections

stomach antrum

the lower, distal portion of the stomach located just above the pyloric canal and small intestine