Year 11 History: The Industrial and Agricultural Revolutions

Comprehensive fill-in-the-blank practice flashcards covering pre-industrial farming problems, agricultural modernisation, key textile inventions, transport developments, and working-class factory conditions during the British Industrial Revolution.

In British history, the Industrial Revolution is defined as a period of great change from being a farming-based country to a __________ country.

manufacturing based

Between 1750 and 1850, the population of Britain rapidly increased from $8\text{ million}$ to __________.

$$27\text{ million}$$

Under the traditional open-field farming system around 1750, dividing arable land into tiny strips caused difficulties with ploughing and __________ control.

weed

Shown in this historical plate, the revolutionary mechanical planting device invented by Jethro Tull is the __________.

Seed drill

Agricultural writer __________ traveled across Britain on horseback observing experimental farming methods and authored best-selling books to spread new techniques.

Arthur Young

During the Agricultural Revolution, advancements in selective breeding raised average cattle weights from $170\,\text{kg}$ to __________.

$$320\,\text{kg}$$

A vital advantage of the Norfolk Four-Course Rotation was that fodder crops allowed farmers to feed more animals over the __________.

winter

Because modern enclosed farming methods required fewer workers, displaced agricultural laborers were forced to move to __________ to seek employment.

new towns and cities

Prior to the development of mechanized factories, goods were manufactured by hand within workers' households under the __________.

Domestic System

Invented by John Kay in 1733, the hand-powered weaving device depicted here is the __________.

flying shuttle

Although John Kay's flying shuttle sped up the weaving process in 1733, it initially caused an acute shortage of __________.

yarn

In 1764, James Hargreaves invented the multi-spindle spinning machine known as the __________, with $20{,}000$ units operating across Britain by 1788.

Spinning Jenny

Patented in 1769 by Richard Arkwright, the water-powered spinning machine shown here is known as the __________.

water frame

Invented by Samuel Crompton in 1779, the hybrid spinning machine pictured here is known as the __________.

spinning mule

Invented by Edmund Cartwright in 1785, the mechanized weaving apparatus pictured here is the __________.

power loom

Violent nineteenth-century resistance by traditional textile workers who protested mechanization and wage cuts by breaking factory machinery was called __________.

Luddism

The 1843 satirical illustration shown below, contrasting wealthy industrialists with impoverished underground mine workers, is titled '__________'.

Capital and Labour

An 1898 account of an 1800s Manchester child worker who started in factories at age 9 describes working 6 days a week from 6am to 8pm for a weekly wage of __________.

15 shillings (75p)

In an 1832 interview, mill worker Joseph Haberjam reported that children were frequently sick because their meals were covered in __________.

dust and dirt

According to the testimony of a child laborer in Source C, daily breakfast and supper consisted of thick, coarse oatcake, while dinner was __________ with boiled bacon.

potato pie

In the Northern Mercury, factory co-owner Edward Baines defended child factory employment by asserting that airborne cotton fibers were deemed harmless by __________.

medical men

In 1835, factory owner Andrew Ure asserted that young apprentice workers were well treated and received __________ for breakfast.

milk-porridge

Industrialist __________ refused to hire young children, arguing that long shifts harmed their health and left their arms and legs bent.

Robert Owen

An 1843 Children's Employment Commission investigation revealed that child workers in the industrial town of __________ suffered severe beatings with tools like horsewhips, hammers, and files.

Willenhall