Anxiolytics, Sedative Hypnotics, Anesthetics, and Anticonvulsants

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Sedative-Hypnotics treat __________ and __________.

Insomnia and anxiety disorders

In the mid-nineteenth century, what was used as sleep-inducing agents?

Bromide and chloral hydrate

In the 1950s, how many different barbiturate formulations were commercially marketed?

50

After the 1950s, barbiturate _____________ reduced, while _______________ stayed the same.

Overdose lethality, dependence and addiction

Barbiturates are identified by containing the…

Barbiturate nucleus

When did benzodiazepines emerge?

1960s

What was the first sedative/anxiolytic of the benzodiazepines?

Librium

_____ Percent of fatal overdoses involve benzodiazepine. Most in common with ________ or ________.

31, alcohol or opioids

What are newer drugs named after?

The receptor that they bind to.

What kind of scans demonstrate increased amygdala blood flow concomitant with anxiety responses?

PET scans

Electrical lesions can produce…

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome

Alcohol-induced blackouts are a state of what kind of amnesia?

Anterograde amnesia

Ultrashort acting pharmacokinetics are extremely ________ soluble and cross the blood-brain barrier ________. Whereas longer acting are more ________ soluble and are ________ to penetrate the CNS.

lipid / rapidly, water / slower

Thiopental is ________ acting.

Ultrashort

Amobarbital is ________ acting.

Longer acting

Barbiturates can __________ REM Sleep. Leading to more __________ dreams.

Suppress, vivid

Which Nonbarbiturate drug induces sleep within 10-15 minutes after administered?

Paraldehyde

When did Benzodiazepines replace barbiturates?

1960s

Tranquillizer and anxiolytics are synonymous with ____________.

Benzodiazepines

Benzodiazepine necessary dose to achieve effect is reduced by ____ percent for the eldery.

50%

All benzodiazepines are pure ______ agonists.

GABA

______________ is one of the most frequently prescribed drugs in pregnancy. Taken up by ___ percent of women.

Diazepam (Valium), 33%

Which drugs blocks access of pharmacologically active benzodiazepines to the receptor, effectively reversing antianxiety and sedative effects?

Romazicon

__________ is a melatonin receptor agonist.

Ramelteon

___________, __________, and ___________ are benzodiazepine receptor agonists intended for the treatment of insomnia.

Triazolam, temazepam, flurazepam

___________, ___________, and ___________ are non-benzodiazepine hypnotics intended for the treatment of insomnia.

Zaleplon, zolipidem, eszopiclone

Suvorexant is a _________ receptor antagonist.

Orexin