bio181 chapters 1-3

cell wall

structured support, protection, all plant and prokaryotic cells, no membrane

chloroplast

how plant cells produce sugar (photosynthesis), plant cells, double membrane

cilia

hairlike projections that help movement

cytoplasm

everything in cell membrane, cytosol and organelles

cytoskeleton

structural support, movement of organelles or all cell, maintains cell shape, no membrane

cytosol

liquid in cytoplasm

DNA

Stores genetic information

RNA

translates codes into proteins

endomembrane system

collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell. Rough ER→cis Golgi→trans Golgi→outside of the cell

Rough ER

synthesizes, fold, and transports proteins, single membrane

Smooth ER

synthesizes lipids, single membrane

Eukaryote

membrane bound organelles and cells that contain a nucleus

Flagella

long hairlike organelles that aid in movement

Golgi apparatus

packages carbs, lipids, and proteins from the ER, single membrane

Lysosome

animal cells, digests and recycles, single membrane

Mitochondria

ATP production through cellular respiration, double membrane

Nucleolus

Ribosomes are assembled in nucleus

Peroxisome

Oxidation of fatty acids, ethanol, and other compounds and detox hydrogen peroxide, single membrane

Prokaryote

Unicellular and lacks nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Ribosome

in all cells and synthesizes proteins, no membrane

Vacuole

plant cell, recycles, storage and digestion, single membrane

Fatty acid

organic acid contained in lipids

hydrophilic

Soluble in water

hydrophobic

insoluble in water

Hypertonic

Most concentrated (cell shrinks)

Hypotonic

less concentrated (cell bursts)

isotonic

Same concentration

osmosis

diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

diffusion

movement of molecules from high to low concentration

lipid bilayers

polar heads and nonpolar tails

dehydration reaction

water loss, water is product, forms polymers

hydrolysis reaction

water is added, water is reactant, breaks down polymers into monomers

lipids

contains fatty acids, hydrophobic

proteins

monomer=amino acids, peptide (covalent bond)

carbs

monomer=simple sugar, glycoside (covalent)

Nucleic acids

Monomer=nucleotides, phosphodiester (covalent), makes DNA and RNA

steroids

lipid, 4 ring structure, nonpolar, hormones, cholesterol

saturated fatty acid chain

single bonds, solids at room temp, high boiling point

unsaturated fatty acid chain

double bonds, liquid at room temp, low melting point

big 4 elements (humans)

O, H, N, C

protons

distinguishes 1 element from another

electrons

how atoms will react with other atoms

Atomic number/mass

protons + electrons

Isotopes

different number of neutrons than original element

charged ions

atoms/molecules that have gained (anion, negatitve charge) or lost (cation, positive charge) electrons

covalent bond

electrons are shared between 2 atoms, strongest bond. Single: 2 electrons, Double: 4 electrons

solvent

dissolving agent

solute

dissolved substance

polar bond

unequal sharing of electrons between atoms in a molecule, partially charged, hydrophilic

non polar bond

equal sharing of electrons between atoms in a molecule, no charges, hydrophobic

ionic bond

1 atom loses electrons, and another atom gains those electrons

negative

higher electronegativity

positive

lower electronegativity

hydrogen bonds

weak, atoms with partial charges, polar covalent bonds

electronegativity

atoms ability to attract electrons in a bond with another atom

cell theory

1.) All living organisms are made of cells 2.) Cells are the smallest units of life 3.) New cells come from pre-existing cells

5 characteristics of life

1.) All cells have proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and a plasma membrane 2.) Reproduce 3.) Process generic information 4.) Acquired and process Energy 5.) The product of evolution

theory of evolution

1.) all organisms are related through common ancestry 2.) all populations of living organisms change over time (evolve)

Prokaryotic cells

Bacteria and Archaea

Eukaryotic cells

Plants, animals, fungi, and protist

nucleus

info storage and transmission, ribosome subunit assembly, structural support, double membrane

plasma membrane

selective permeability, controls passage of ion and molecules, in both cells, single membrane

macromolecule

carbon based molecules found in livign organisms. like lipids (polymers/monomers of proteins, nucleic acids, carbs)

monomer polymerizing

through condensation and dehydration reactions. reverse rx is called hydrolysis and breaks polymers apart by adding a water molecule