ap world history - unit 4: semester 1

what does Europe want to do regarding the spice trade?

cut out the middleman

compass >

chinese invention that helps determine direction

lateen sail >

allows you to move the sail and use the wind

who invented the lateen sail?

rome but it was perfected by Islam

Astrolabe >

invented by the Greeks and perfected by the islamic people and it helped determine latitude (west and east)

astronomical chart >

star maps made in egypt

cartography >

making maps

monsoon >

air goes from high to low, india gets hot and it created a law-pressure vacuum

trade winds >

as the earth is spinning, wind is changing from hot to hlow by its also turning toward the equator and the astrolabe makes this possible and it is the atlantic ocean due to the cornieus affect

caravel >

15th century portuguese ship and becasue it wasnt so low to the ocean (draft) and they could not only sail in the ocean but rivers and get close to land too and it was small

carrack >

bigger than a caravel and has about 3-4 masts and we start to see boats with cannons on them

fluyt >

dutch cargo ship and they carry tow times the cargo for half the price with half the crew

what were the dutch trying to do with their fluyt ships?

they were trying to make money, not convert people

what famous ship is a fluyt?

mayflower

what specific spice were the dutch trying to get?

pepper

what was the main reason for all these maritime events?

they were trying to get spices

what were the portuguese looking for?

alternative routes to get Asian spices so they could cut out the middleman

prince henry the navigator >

set up a school in portugal to train explorers on how to sail using a lateen sail, caravel and an astrolabe

vasco da gama >

portuguese navigator and he was the first european to sail to India (in search of spices)

portuguese make money through setting up what?

trading post empires

where are the trading posts that the portuguese had?

Africa and India

what do the portugese not have/make?

product

who financed spanish voyages?

ferdinand and isabella

what ethinicity was christopher colombus?

italian

what did ferdinand magellan do?

circumnavigated the globe and he was convinced that he could go around the Americas

what did Magellan use?

trade winds

what did Magellan find?

philippians and names it after King Phillip II

does Magellan make it at the end of his voyage?

no but his crew finishes it for him

where does Columbus think he went?

India

what did colombus bring with him for the the journey?

a diary/journal

northwest passage >

french, dutch, and england wanted to go north since spain and portugal were going south

what was the problem with the northwest passage?

it was too cold and unpredictable to sail in

where did spain and portugal go?

down

colombian exchange >

widespread biological transfer of animals, plants, disease, humans between the old world and new world in the 15th and 16th century

european colonization of the Americas lead to the unintentional transfer of _________ ________

diseases vectors

what are some examples of disease vectors?

mosquitos and rats

the spread of diseases that were _______ in the eastern hemisphere

endemic

what are some examples of diseases that were endemic?

smallpox, measles and malaria

what percentage of the indigenous population perished due to disease?

90 percent

amerindian >

a member of one of the indigenous people of the Americas

people would die due to disease, but even more people died due to __________

starvation

what did europe view the disease spreading to the amerindians?

god getting the land ready for them to conquer

old world crops >

• wheat

• sugar

• orange coffee

domesticated animals brought to americas >

• horses

• pigs

• cattle

food brought over by slaves >

• okra

• rice

ming dynasty (1368-1644) >

• went from song → yuan → ming → qing

• built great wall of china through the mongols

• zheng he (300 ships, 2700 sailors)

tokugawa shogunate (1603-1868) >

they unify and centralized Japan

what was japan originally before the tokugawa shogunate?

decentrailized feudal society

sakoku (isolationism) >

1639-1854; their version of isolationism and they don’t like the europeans coming and making post cities, so they closed off their boarders

what was the exception of sakoku?

the dutch because they didn’t care about converting people, just the profit

what were the dutch allowed to do during sakoku >

they only had access to deshima which is connected to nagasaki by a little bridge and it is the only place where they could come in and conduct trade

what do the spanish establish? why?

establish a maritime empire in the philipeans because they get to trade silver with china and bring Catholicism (gold and god)

what did the dutch establish? why?

a maritime empire in indonesia because they wanted to trade for cloves and nutmeg (gold)

what did the portuguese establish? why?

maritime empire in the swahili coast and the kingdom of kongo because they want to make trade posts

what did the english establish? why?

a maritime empire in the 13 colonies because they profit from tabacco and from canada they get fur

what did the french establish? why?

a maritime empire in the mississippi river valley because they wanted to get fur

what did the spanish establish? why?

a maritime empire in the meso-america (aztecs) because they have gold and south america as well (incas)

kingdom of kongo >

in 1491 the portuguese come in and convert them to catholicism and then they show back up in 1509 and they enslave the people of kongo because they need slaves to harvest cotton

kuma si >

they enslave other africans and they would capture other aficans and sell them to europeans so that way they wouldn’t be enslaved

newly developed economies in the americas largely depended on ___________ utilized existing labor system

agriculture

what did the spanish mit’a system >

spanish arrivals coerced the incan mit’a system by forcing incas to provide labor to spain for cash crops and silver mining

chattel slavery >

people were bought and sold as the personal property of the owner

asanti >

“owners” would sell prisoners of war or those in debt as slaves

how many slaves died while being transported to different countries?

20 percent

how many people where sold into the slave trade?

12 million

indentured servitude >

mainly europeans/british and this was a contract and a choice to become a servant to someone for a certain amount of time and people enter into a contract to serve as labor to an employer for a fixed amount of the time

encomienda >

king of spain granted people going to the new world a number of natives to use for labor and in return natives were converted to christianity and protected from harm

slavery will continue to go on in _______

africa

african slaves became domestic servants with a high demand for what gender of slaves?

female

because there was a need for more agricultural labor in the americas, how did it change the demand for slaves?

more men were bought and sold for slavery and this caused more men in africa to be taking multiple wives

mercantilism >

wealth measured in gold and silver, favorable balance of trade, colonies exist to enrich the mother country

mercantilism (topics) >

• extremely competitive because you want to have the most gold and silver

• more money = more power

• always want more exports (gaining money) and less imports (losing money)

what is colonies purpose?

to serve the mother country

limited liability >

capital suppliers are not subject to losses greater than the amount of their investment

transferability of shares >

voting rights in the enterprise may be transferred easily from one investor to another

juridical personality >

the corporation itself acts as a “person” and and may therefore sue and can be sued, make contracts and hold property

infinite duration >

the life of the cooperation may extend beyond the participation of any of its incorporation

VOC >

dutch east india company

india east companies >

has a lot of the spices which makes it profitable

when the africans are enslaves and worked on plantations, harvesting _______ materials

raw

europe takes those raw materials and they are used to make ___________ goods

manufactured

using the money that they made from the manufactured goods, they bought more ________

slaves

every continent is trading except for ___________

australia

what brings about globalization?

silver

potosi >

the origin of silver and it is under the control of the spanish (who conquered the incas) and they use mit’a system to extract the silver

what did people need to extract the silver, they need ________ which gives people mercury __________

mercury, poisoning

who do the spanish make dig their mercury? how does it affect them?

the incans and it gives them mercury poisoning while they were converting them to christianity

silver travels where?

potosi → acapulco → manilla philippines

what does spain want to purchase?

manufactured goods (China) and spices (spices)

silver >

worlds first global currency

what kind of slaves did the middle passage want? why?

men because labor intensive works

what good things came from the columbian exchange?

• increase nutrition which led to population increase

• new world food had a lot of carbs and calories (sweet potatoes)

peninsulares >

born in the Iberian Peminsula and they are spanish or portuguese born

creoles >

born in the americas and they are spanish or portuguese born

castas >

mixed ancestries

what are the types of castas?

• mestizos

• mulattoes

mestizos >

mixes of european and native american

mulattoes >

mix of african and european

syncretism >

the coming of different form of belief of practice

what cultures are coming together for the first time?

america, africa, and europe