Anatomy & Physiology — Unit 1 Complete Study Guide

Comprehensive fill-in-the-blank review flashcards covering Unit 1: Directional Terms, Regional Terms, Body Planes, Levels of Human Organization, Major Tissue Types, and the Skeletal System.

The directional term __________ describes a position above or toward the head.

Superior

The directional term __________ describes a position below or toward the feet.

Inferior

Toward the front of the body is termed anterior, while toward the back of the body is termed __________.

posterior

The term __________ refers to being toward the body's midline, whereas lateral means away from the midline.

medial

When describing limbs, a structure that is closer to the point of attachment is __________, while one farther from the attachment is distal.

proximal

A structure closer to the body's surface is described as superficial, whereas a structure farther beneath the surface is described as __________.

deep

The anatomical regional term for the chin is __________.

mental

The regional term __________ refers to the cheek.

buccal

The regional term for the neck is __________.

cervical

The armpit is designated anatomically by the regional term __________.

axillary

The regional term for the upper arm is brachial, whereas the regional term for the forearm is __________.

antebrachial

The front of the elbow is referred to as antecubital, while the back of the elbow is known as __________.

olecranal

The regional term for the front of the knee or kneecap is patellar, while the back of the knee is called __________.

popliteal

The anatomical term for the lower leg is crural, while the term for the calf is __________.

sural

The anatomical term for the sole of the foot is __________.

plantar

A plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves is the __________ plane.

midsagittal/median

A plane that divides the body into unequal left and right portions is called a __________ plane.

parasagittal

The __________ plane divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.

frontal/coronal

The plane dividing the body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) portions is the __________ plane.

transverse

The correct sequence of the five levels of human organization from simplest to most complex is Chemical → Cellular → Tissue → __________ → Organ System.

Organ

The major tissue type that covers, lines, protects, absorbs, and secretes is __________ tissue.

epithelial

Bone, blood, cartilage, fat, tendons, and ligaments are all examples of __________ tissue.

connective

Among muscle tissue types, skeletal muscle is voluntary, whereas cardiac and __________ muscle are involuntary.

smooth

Thin epithelial cells specialized for diffusion and found in lung alveoli are called __________ epithelium.

simple squamous

The epithelial tissue type characterized by cube-shaped cells common in kidney tubules and some glands is __________ epithelium.

simple cuboidal

The tissue specialized with multiple layers for protection and found in skin is __________ epithelium.

stratified squamous

A __________ connects muscle to bone, whereas a ligament connects bone to bone.

tendon

In the skeletal system, blood cells are produced by __________ bone marrow.

red

Yellow bone marrow is responsible for storing __________.

fat

The __________ skeleton forms the central axis and consists of the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum.

axial

The limbs plus the shoulder and pelvic girdles make up the __________ skeleton.

appendicular

Carpals and tarsals are categorized by shape as __________ bones.

short

The sternum, ribs, scapula, and many skull bones are classified as __________ bones.

flat

Vertebrae do not fit into standard bone shapes and are therefore classified as __________ bones.

irregular

The end of a long bone is called the __________, while the shaft is called the diaphysis.

epiphysis

The hollow cavity inside the shaft of a long bone containing marrow is the __________ cavity.

medullary

The outer covering of bone containing blood vessels, nerves, and bone-forming cells is the __________.

periosteum

The membrane lining the inside of bone is known as the __________.

endosteum

The growth plate that allows a growing long bone to lengthen is called the __________ plate.

epiphyseal

A fracture where the bone bends and partially breaks, which is common in children, is a __________ fracture.

greenstick

A fracture in which the bone breaks into three or more pieces is termed a __________ fracture.

comminuted

A bone fracture that spirals around the bone, often resulting from twisting, is called a __________ fracture.

spiral

The fracture type where bone is crushed or compressed, commonly associated with vertebrae, is a __________ fracture.

compression

Bone cells that build new bone are called __________, whereas osteoclasts break down/remove bone tissue.

osteoblasts