BIOLOGY II : ANATOMY UNIT 2 TEST STUDY GUIDE

chondr-,

cartilage

osteo-

bone

erythr-

red

leuk-

white

-cyte

cell

adip-

fat

endo-

inside

exo-

outside

-ology

the study of

histo-

tissue

epithe-

above

definition of goblet cells

simple columnar epithelial cells that secrete mucin

defintion of cilia

microscopic, hair-like organelles

definition of ground substance

clear, colorless, gel-likfe fluid that fills the space between cells & fibers

definition of lacuna

a small pit in bone/cartilage

location of goblet cells

scattered throughout membrances of digestive & reproductive tracts

location of cilia

on the surface of many eukaryotic cells

location of ground substance

in extracellular matrix of connective tissue

location of lacuna

within bone tissue

simple squamous epithelium (SQE)

single, flat layer of cells. thin & permeable

where is simple squamous epithelium found (SQE)?

lung tissue

what is the function of SQE ?

rapid diffusion

simple cubodial epithelium (SCE)

single layer of cube shaped cells

what is the function of SCE?

secretion & absorption

where is SCE found?

tissues of the kidney

simple columnar epithelium (SCME)

single layer of tall packed cells ( may have cilia & goblet cells )

what is the function of SCME?

secretion of mucus for protection

where is SCME found?

lining of digestive tract

stratified squamous epithelium ( STQE)

thick layers that provide protection for underlying layers

where is STQE found?

the epidermal layer of skin

stratified cubodial epithelium (STCE)

more than one layer of cubodial cells ( rare)

where is STCE found?

salivary & mammary glands

stratified columnar epithelium (STCME)

free surface lined with columnar cells (rare)

where is STCME found?

larynx & male urethra

pseudo-stratified epitulum (P-S)

contains : goblet cells. appears stratified , cell nucleus are found at different levels

what is the function of P-S?

secretion & absorption

where is P-S found?

upper respiratiory tract

tranitional epithelium (TE)

vary in appearance based on the stretching of the tissue

where is TE found?

lining of urinary bladder

what are the 9 types of epithelial

simple squamous , simple cuboidal, simple columnar , stratified squamous , stratified cuboidal, stratified columnar, pseudo-stratified, transitional , glandular epithelium

glandular epithelium (GE)

a gland made of a group of cells

what is the function of GE?

secrete a substance

exocrine glands

secrete substances through a duct

endocrine glands

secrete hormones through the bloodstream

REVIEW PICTURES OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE!!!!

apical/free surface

top of surfacce

basal surface

the bottom surface

basement membrane

the membrane underneath the basal surface

how is epithelial tissue classified?

number of layers & shape of cells

how many layers do simple epithelial tissues have?

one

how many layers do stratified epithelial tissues have?

many

what are the 3 types of exocrine glands ?

merocrine , apocrine , holocrine

merocrine glands (MG)

cells excrete the products via exocytosis

what is an example of MG?

sweat glands

apocrine glands (AG)

a portion of the cell pinches off with the secreted products

what is an example of AG?

mammary glands

holocrine glands (HG)

cells rupture & spill products into the duct

what is an example of HG?

oil glands in skin

what are the characteristics of connective tissue?

provide support & bind other tissues together, provide insulation & protection for other tissues, transport substances

extracellular matrix

ground substance & fibers

what are the 3 types of loose connective tissue?

areolar, adipose, recticular

areolar (ARLCT)

mostly open space, holds water, found under epithelium & around organs

adipose loose connective tissue (ALCT)

composed of fat cells, large vacuoles with oil, provides nutrients to other cells

reticular loose connection tissue (RLCT)

contains reticular fibers which create a stiff framework that supports other cells

what are the 3 types of dense connective tissue?

regular, irregular, elastic

regular dense connective tissue (RDCT)

collagen fibers arranged in one direction, found in tendons & ligaments

irregular dense connective tissue ( IDCT)

collagen fibers arranged in many directions, found in capsules around organs

elastic dense connective tissue (EDCT)

orovides flescible cushioning, found between vertebrae & arteries

what are the 3 types of cartilage ?

hyaline, fibro-cartilage, elastic

hyaline

glassy, firm ground substance with lacuna, few collagen fibers

fibro-cartilage

contains lots of collagen (mostly parallel) , found in intervertebral spaces (knee)

elastic

highly flexible, more elastic fibers, found in outer ear & part of larynx

RECOGNIZE PICTURES OF CARTILAGE

what are the 3 types of vascular tissue?

mast cells, macro-phages, blood cells

mast cells

detect foreign substances, contains granules that secrete inflammatory chemicals

macro-phages

blob-like cells that engulf invading substances of organisms

blood cells

red blood cells : erythrocytes (carry oxygen) , white blood cells : leukocytes (provide immune response)

what are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

smooth, caridac, skeletal

smooth muscle tissue (SMT)

contracts involuntarily, non-striated & one nucleus

where is SMT found?

walls of stomach & uterus

cardiac muscle tissue (CMT)

contracts involuntarily, striated & multinucleated, activated by brain or hormones

where is CMT found?

the heart muscle

skeletal muscle tissue (SMT)

contracts voluntarily, triated & multinucleated, controllaed by somatic nervous system

where is SMT found?

bones of the skeleton

REVIEW PICTURES OF MUSCLE TISSUE!

what are the 2 types of nervous tissue?

neurons

make up 10% of all nerve cells,convert stimuli into nerve impluses, pass implulses to other neurons etc, unable to regenerate

neurogila

makes up 90% of all nerve cells, support/protect neurons, do not generate nerve impulses, able to regenerater

what are the 4 different types of membranes?

cutaneous, mucous, serous, synovial

where is the cutaneous membrance (CM) located?

the skin

what is the function of the CM?

covers body surface

where is the mucous membrane (MM) located?

body cavities that open to the outside environment

what is the function of MM?

absorption & secretion

where is serous membrane (SM) located?

completely enclosed in ventral body cavity

what is the function of SM?

prevents friction of organs during movement

where is the synovial membrane (YM) located?

joints of the skeleton

what is the function YM?

prevents friction of bones during movement