APUSH Chapters 7-10

Washingtons Foreign Policy

• George Washington won the Electoral College votes, becoming president 

  • John Adams was the runner-up → became VP

• Washington continued many administrative practices of the Confederation

  • Reestablished the Departments of: 

    • Foreign Affairs (State) → headed by Thomas Jefferson

    • Finance (Treasury) → Alexander Hamilton = secretary  

    • War → Henry Knox= secretary

  • All three men were in the president's cabinet (advisory body) 

• Washington had to instil respect for the office without being a king

  • Had to figure out how to govern

Judiciary Act of 1789

• The Constitution demanded a Supreme Court 

  • Signed by Washington 

• Judiciary Act of 1789 created the federal court system 

  • A three-tiered system 

    • Federal district in each state

    • Three circuit courts above them → could appeal district decisions 

    • Supreme Court as the highest appellate court

  • Act reflected Federalists' desire for strong national institutions

Bill of Rights

• Antifederalists feared oppression and creation of a king (like former monarchy they were under) 

  • Believed the Constitution would create a strong central government and threaten rights

    • Create corruption 

• James Madison (member of House of Reps + federalist) → submitted 19 amendments 

  • 10 were approved, known as the Bill of Rights 

    • Protected personal rights (freedom of speech + religion) 

    • Mandated legal processes (trial by jury) 

    • Addressed federalism (system of gov where power is divided between central gov and state/smaller governments)

• Addition of the Bill of Rights won support of Anti-Federalists

  • Jefferson was a large advocate

  • Created balance of power between national + state governments

  • Got Democratic-Republicans to sign the Constitution

  • ratified in 1791

Hamilton's Financial Plan and 3 Reports

• Hamilton believed that an elite few should lead the economy/govern → Supporter of a strong central government 

  • Believed people decided based on self-interest rather than the best for everyone 

  • Wanted an industrial economy, with the elite to lead the businesses, factories, etc. 

    • Plan outlined mercantilism → gov assisted economic development 

• Had to create a new economic system independent of Britain

  • Three key reports: 

    • Public credit (assumption of state debts)

      • Asked Congress to pay back bonds (pay back everyone) 

        • Created economic credibility and trust in the national US 

      • Asked to assume all war debts of states

        • But some states had already paid off debts (South) and didnt want to be taxed to help other states

    • National bank (formation of the Bank of the United States → BUS)

      • Development of a market economy → shift away from the British economy  

      • Wanted the establishment of the national bank to help businesses with loans (create economic stability

        • Bank would also tie economic leaders to the federal government

    • Manufacturing (higher tariffs) 

      • Expansion of American manufacturing 

      • Placed tariffs to pay interest on debt 

        • South did not benefit from the tariffs → retaliatory tariffs 

• Hamilton won support of the South by moving the capital to DC

  • Ultimately → plan worked well, and America began to pay off debts 

  • However also caused a greater split between Federalists

Jeffersons Political Agenda

• Favored power in state governments, and they should give decision-making power to their communities

• Spoke for southern planters + western farmers 

  • Embraced the Enlightenment → believed in progress of the human race 

  • Believed corruption harmed progress (power should not be concentrated in a single federal gov)

• Agrarian Vision contrasted with Hamilton 

  • Didnt like the assumption of public debt → he supported states' rights and farmers

  • Also did not like the tariffs → South suffered from the retaliatory tariffs 

  • Believed the federal government can only do what is explicitly stated in the Constitution → does not say to create a national bank

    • Compared to Hamilton, who believed in loose interpretation

• Set his democratic vision as a society of independent Yeoman farm families

  • International division of labor → America would feed European nations 

Proclamation of Neutrality, 1793

• French Revolution divides Americans → led to formation of political groups 

  • France wanted American help to fight off other monarchies

    • Ideals of revolution appealed to many → profited economically as european farming was dirsupted

      • Relied on american exports 

      • Also abolished feudalism and created a constitutional monarchy

    • However radicalism deterred others → reign of terror and closure of churtes 

  • France helped the American Revolution, so they felt like they owed them 

    • Jefferson wanted to, but Hamilton did not (felt they were too economically reliant on Britain) and not economically stable enough

  • 1793 Proclamation of Neutrality: Washington declared the US neutral during the conflict between France and Britain

    • seen as being pro-British

      • Deepened divide between parties 

    • Allowed US citizens to trade with all parties of the war

      • Boosted profits further → offered some economic stability

Whiskey Rebellion

• Excise tax placed on spirits (from hamiltons financial plan) 

• Farmers were unable to pay tax → turned their spoiled grains into whiskey (easier to transport_

  • Rose to protest enforcement on the tax  

    • Used violence to turn away tax collectors 

• Put down with a strong display of federal authority

  • Washington led the army (created a militia) to disperse the rebels→ many people volunteered for the national army

    • Handled it very well → quickly shut it down without a battle 

    • Showed strength of new government

Jay Treaty (1795)

• British occupied many forts in the old northwest even though they were supposed to leave after the revolutionary war

  • Also continued impressment → seized American ships carrying French goods

  • US wanted to resolve disputes and avoid another war → not prepared 

• Washington sent John Jay to negotiate→ returned with a controversial treaty 

  • Required the US government to compensate British merchants for pre-revolutionary war debts 

  • Accepted Britain's right to stop neutral ships 

  • Americans could submit claims for illegal seizures

  • Britian agreed to remove their troops from the Northwest terrirory 

    • (reduced military aid + trade with Indians in the area too

• Senate (Federalists ⅔) ratified it 

  • Federalists made the US pro-British 

  • Republicans believed it was too conciliatory 

    • People believed they shouldn't have to pay for something the British should have already done 

    • also did not stop impressment 

  • Increased political divide

Haitian Revolution

• Between elites (whites), and free men of color + liberated slaves

  • Massive slave uprising to abolish slavery

  • Black Haitians led by Toussaint L’Ouverture seized control 

• Saint-Domingue became an independent nation of Haiti → first black republic 

  • Many fled to the US during this battle 

    • American leaders had divided opinions

      • Adams aided rebels to weaken France 

      • Jefferson cut off aid, supported France

Federalists vs. Democratic Republicans

• Federalists

  • Hamiltonian, Northeast, manufacturing, merchants 

  • also many slaveholders 

• Democratic Republicans

  • Jefferson, South and West, agrarian 

    • Southern rice + tobacco planters,

    • other farmers (western, German, etc) 

• Deviated about the national bank, relations with France and Britian, and the role of agriculture

Washingtons Farewell Address

• 1796 Washington advised the US to

  • stay out of foreign alliances and affairs (stay neutral)

  • avoid creating political parties (could divide nation) 

  • avoid sectionalism (stay unified) 

XYZ affair 1797 -1798

• France was seizing American ships 

  • Adams sent American diplomates to France to negotiate and demanded that France respect American neutrality

• Before they could meet → French agents demanded a loan and bribe to stop the seizures 

  • Adams called agents X,Y, and Z 

  • American diplomates refused to pay

• In response → Congress cut off trade with France and authorized seizure of French ships

  • Increased tensions

  • resulting in an undeclared maritime war 

Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)

• Adams and Federalists won the election of 1796

  • Many disagreements between Republican immigrants (disliked Adams policies) and Federalists 

    • Polticial dissent led him to pass the acts to quell this rebellion

  • Naturalization: lengthened residency requirement from 5 to 14 years for citizenship.

  • Alien: authorized deportation of foreigners.

  • Sedition: prohibited the publication of insults or malicious attacks on the President or members of congress.

• Acts limited individual rights 

  • Increased federal power

  • Many believed it was unconstitutional 

  • Led to Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions 

    • Also helped Jefferson win in the election of 1800

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

• late 1790s

• Written by Jefferson and Madison

  • Condemned the Alien and Sedition Acts and set forth a states' right to interpret the Constitution and determine the legitimacy of national laws (declare unconstitutional)

    • Argued that states could nullify unconstitutional federal laws

  • Also acted as a campaign strategy in the Election of 1800 (free speech and legislation)

Election (revolution) of 1800

• Presidential campaign was bitter 

  • Federalists attacked Jefferson, who opposed state support of religion in Virginia and was pro-French

  • Republicans advocated for free speech and legislation (virginia and kentucky resolutions)  

  • Suprising republican victory 

  • Despite a divisive (Adams and Jefferson completely disagreed with each other) campaign → there was a peaceful transfer of power to Jefferson and the Republicans

    • Called a revolution as it was the bloodless transfer of power 

      • Showed that popularly elected governments can change in an orderly way 

Virginia Dynasty

• Jefferson's presidency was the start of the “Virginia Dynasty.”

  • 1801-1825, three Virginians (Jefferson, Madison, Monroe) each served two terms as President.

    • 2 terms because Washington served 2 terms

  • Republican Government.

    • Undid many Federalist policies; Jefferson tolerated the BUS.

      • Shrank the national government's size after Federalists expanded it 

      • Abolished internal taxes (ex: whiskey tax)

      • Reduced size of permanent army

Hamilton-Burr Rivalry

• Hamilton never trusted Burr; he preferred Jefferson as a lesser evil in the Election of 1800 

  • Called him out many times

• These tensions between the two began to grow until 1804 where Hamilton was killed in a duel with Burr

Lewis and Clark

• Expedition under Jefferson

• Lewis and Clark explored the West with Sacagawea (interpreter and guide) 

  • 1805 began 1300 mile expedition to the Pacific Ocean.

    • Returned with valuable information about western territory 

  • Instilled visions of continental US expansion.

    • Increased US interest in western land 

Treaty of Greenville

• Washington was afraid of an alliance between the native american (Western) Confederacy and the British in Canada 

  • Also desired land in the Northwest

  • Therefore, he expanded the army and sent General Wayne to defeat the confederacy in the Battle of the Fallen Timbers 

• Treaty of Greenville (1795).

  • Treaty was between the US and various indian tribes in Ohio 

  • Native natives ceded a lot of land to America

  • Acknowledged Indian ownership of land, but under the sovereignty of the U.S.

    • In return, the US would make payments to them and provide goods

• Sparked waves of white migration as new territory opened up 

  • Established boundary between territory 

  • American policies continued to attemt and assimilate native

  • Continuing Indian resistance 

Migration 1790s

• 1790s: Two waves of migration.

• Southern Migrants.

  • Struggling yeomen, white tenant farmers flooded into Cumberland Gap (Tennessee and Kentucky).

  • Couldn’t afford land, moved again; continued migration across the Ohio River into Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois.

• Southern Planters and slaves from the Carolinas moved west toward the Gulf of Mexico.

  • Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana.

  • Cotton driving force for Textile mills in GB.

• New England Migrants.

  • Overcrowded New Englanders moved west into NY.

  • Competition with southern farmers shifted Northern farming crops (potatoes), equipment (iron plows), and techniques (“Improvers”: crop rotation).

  • Environmental factors (forests, rocky soil, seasonal changes) made it difficult and forced innovation.

Marbury V. Madison (1803)

• Judiciary Act of 1801 

  • Creates many new federal courts (each one needs a judge)

• “Midnight Appointments”

  • In the middle of the night, before Jefferson is sworn in → Adams appoints Federalist judges for all the new courts

    • Madison (secretary) and Jefferson threw out appointments

    • William Marbury was one of those appointed judges 

      • He sues → goes all the way to the Supreme Court 

    • Marshall was head of the Supreme Court at the time

      • Federalist (worried about being called biased) and hated Jefferson (distant cousins)

• John Marshall creates the power of judicial review.

  • Judicial review gives the court the power to decide (declare) if a law is unconstitutional 

  • Demanded Congress create a new Judiciary Act 

  • Allowed the judicial branch to be coequal to the other branches 

• Challenged idea that states could determine legality

Lousiana Purchase (1803)

• Pinckney's Treaty: agreement between the US and Spain that reopened the Mississippi River to American trade, allowing settlers to export crops by New Orleans (spanish port) 

• 1801 → Napoleon coerced Spain into signing a treaty that returned Louisiana to France and restricted American access to New Orleans (violated Pinckney's treaty)

• Caused Jefferson to rethink Pro-French policies 

  • Stating that when France takes New Orleans → America must side with Britian 

• Robert Livingston was sent by Jefferson to negotiate with France regarding the purchase of New Orleans 

  • French ruler, fearing American invasion of Louisiana, offered the entire territory for 15 million dollars` 

• The purchase forced Jefferson to reconsider his strict interpretations of the Constitution 

  • No provision for adding new territory 

    • Used loose interpretation to complete the deal with France

• Outcomes:

  • America gains control over the Mississippi (now American on both sides) and New Orleans (most strategic port city → now American) 

    • Ended French influence 

• Opened massive tracts of land for American westward migration

  • Doubled the size of America

• Violated Jefferson’s strict interpretation of the Constitution.

Western war with Eastern Labels

• Used British naval policies (impressment) in the Atlantic as justification for western expansion

  • Could not base the war on western events (suspected native american and British alliance)→ used eastern events 

  • Explained it in this way to get support

    • “western war with eastern labels” 

Chesapeake incident

• Napoleonic Wars threaten American neutrality

  • Napoleon wanted more land and wanted a unified Europe under French control

    • Series of global conflicts between Napoleon’s French Empire and European coalitions

  • To defeat Napoleon and France, the British Navy utilized impressment to replenish its army and ships 

    • More efficient to use impressment than to return to britian

  • Impressment: forced enlistment of American sailors into the British navy

  • Chesapeake incident (1807)

    • British Navy would kidnap American sailors to make up lost ranks 

      • The Chesapeake was a ship in the Atlantic → people died on this ship during British impressment

        • Became an international incident 

        • Jefferson did not want to go to war after this → passed the Embargo Act

Embargo Act of 1807

• To protect America → Jefferson tried peaceful coercion 

  • The Embargo Act prohibited American ships from leaving their home ports for foreign destinations until Britain and France stopped restricting US trade

    • Cut off trade with everybody (not just the British) → export industry died

    • Overestimated Britain + France's dependence 

  • Hurt farmers + merchants 

    • Led to economic frustrations 

    • Severely damaged the American economy

      • Exports 1806: $122 million 

      • 1808: $22 million; hits NE hardest (Federalists were most prevalent in NE

        • Led to political tension

War Hawks

• Elected in 1810

• Henry Clay, John Calhoun, Felix Grundy, Richard Johnson

  • Group of Democratic Republican Politicians elected to U.S. Congress who rushed for war organizing

  • War hawks went into office with anti-British values sparked by the Embargo Act 

• Nationalism → bring supporters together against Britian

• Pushing for westward expansion (could not pin the blame on the British) 

Tecumseh and the Western Confederacy

• Westward expansion caused conflict with Native Americans and the British

  • After the Treaty of Greenville 

• Shawnee war chief Tecumseh revived the Western Confederacy in 1809 

  • Urged Indians to shun Americans + return to traditional ways 

  • Believed they should unite to stop US expansion

• Before they could mobilize for war → William Henry Harrison (governor of Indiana) struck 

Battle of Tippencanoe (1811)

• William Henry Harrison defeats Indian forces 

  • Destroyed the holy village and resulted in many casualties

  • Broke the power of Tecumseh’s confederacy 

• Opens up more land → weakened Indian resistance in western land against white migration.

• British weapons found amongst Indian dead, riles western leaders and spurs anti-British forces

  • British funded Native American resistance? 

• Led to intensified conflicts between the US and native tribes

• Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun push Madison for war to seize western territories, British Canada, and Spanish Florida

  • However could not initiate war on these claims

War of 1812

• Between 1812-1815

  • Based on impressment, western expansion + conflicts, and desire for Canada

• Madison issued an ultimatum to Britain, but they did not respond fast enough, so they declared war

  • The Battle of Tippecanoe pushed Shawnee leaders, Tecumseh, to openly ally with Britain during the War of 1812

• Very nearly a military disaster for the US

  • Invasion of Canada (1812) fails → decided to burn down York (Toronto).

  • Battle of the Thames victory; kills Tecumseh (British General).

  • Military stalemate on the Great Lakes. 

  • British warships disrupted American commerce (1813).

  • British forces burn Washington, DC (1814).

• Andrew Jackson wins the Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814).

  • Forces Indians to cede 23 million acres of land.

    • War was always about westward expansion 

  • Madison sends John Quincy Adams in secret to Europe to start negotiations (as they already got what they had wanted)

Hartford Convention (1814)

• Military setbacks and financial difficulties led NE Federalists to oppose war.

• Federalists created a list of demands 

  • Proposed Amendments to the Constitution to break the Virginia Dynasty and force Madison to hear their complaints.

    • Proposed to limit office to a single 4-year term, rotating it among citizens from different states 

    • Proposed to require ⅔ of Congress to declare war, admit a new state, and prohibit trade 

  • Wanted to limit political influence of the South + West

  • Hartford Convention leads to decline of support for the Federalist Party 

    • Federalists first formed to support the Constitution → but it had gone through multiple revisions and survived a war 

      • Federalists no longer “needed to exist”

    • Republicans split into National Republicans (Henry Clay, Northeast) and Jeffersonian Republicans (Madison, South and West).

Treaty of Ghent (dec. 1814)

• The US had acheived their goal at the battle of Horshoe bend so they wanted to now end the war with Britian 

  • War was approaching a stalemate → neither country was going to win

  • Additionally british no longer wanted a two-front war with Napoleon 

• Signed on December 24, 1814.

  • Negotiated by John Quincy Adams

• Negotiated terms: kept borders the same and left issues that caused the war unresolved.

  • “status quo ante bellum”

Battle of New Orleans (jan 1815)

• Fought after the war ended

• Jackson’s defense of the city ended the war on a high note 

  • Walked to New Orleans, recruiting people along the way to fight (made deals with slaves, native americans, prisoners, etc.) 

    • Destroyed the British 

  • Kicked off the Era of Good Feelings

• Launched Jackson to national prominence.

Era of Good Feelings

• initiated by the victory at the Battle of New Orleans

• A wave of nationalism and national unity 

  • Less political differences/conflict as the Federalist Party was weakening

Marshalls supreme court — three principles

• 1801-1835

• Three principles: judicial review, federal supremacy, and broad interpretations of federal power (implied power beyond what's explicitly stated in the Constitution)

• Marshall continues to establish Federalist policies even after the parties decline (using Federalist interpretation)

  • Ex: Fletcher v. Peck (1810): safeguards property rights.

McCullough v. Maryland (1819)

• McCulloch v. Maryland (1819): Federal supremacy over states

  • After the creation of the second bank of the US in 1816 → banks could set up branches that competed with state-chartered banks

    • Maryland imposed a tax on notes from the Baltimore branch of the Second Bank 

      • Second Bank refused to pay, claiming it infringed on national powers (unconstitutional) 

      • Marshall Court believed Maryland did not have the power to tax it 

        • Reestablished national supremacy (implied power of congress)

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

• National jurisdiction over interstate commerce

• Caused when NY granted a monopoly on steamboat navigation to a private group, but Aaron Ogden had a state-sanctioned license under it; Marshall stated that only the federal government may regulate commerce 

Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)

• Protects property rights of chartered companies.

• King George III issued a royal charter to make Dartmouth a private institution

  • New Hampshire tried to turn Dartmouth into a state college

• Marshall ruled that the charter stands and contracts can't be changed by states

  • Limited power of states 

John Quincy Adams

• Became secretary of state under James Monroe

  • Wrote the Treaty of Ghent, which helped him become SOS

    • Solidified northern borders 

• Rush-Bagot (1817): limited naval vessels on Great Lakes

  • Demilitarized Great Lakes

• Convention of 1818: Extended American/Canadian border along 49^th parallel.

• Adams-Onís Treaty (1819): Spain cedes Florida

  • Adams persuaded Spain to cede Florida to the US

    • Wanted to remove spanish control and stop Seminole raids

  • In return, the government accepted Spain’s claim to Texas and compromised on the western boundary for Louisiana

  • Solidified American borders (now southern border too) 

    • Pushed people to expand west

Monroe Doctrine

• After he solidified the northern and southern borders, John Quincy Adams wanted to remove foreign threats

• Monroe Doctrine (1823)

  • Many independent nation-states that broke away from European colonialism and established themselves 

    • The doctrine was put in place to protect the newly independent Latin American nations and limit interference

  • Doctrine stated that the US would not let any European nation interfere with any nation in the Western Hemisphere

    • Monroe declared that the Western Hemisphere was closed to colonization (creating new colonies) and interference from European powers

    • In return, Monroe stated that the US would not interfere in any European struggles/affairs

  • Cornerstone of American foreign policy 

  • Monroe stated he would rely on Britain as an ally if anyone challenged the doctrine

    • because it opposed the strengthening of its European rivals 

  • American people supported because of nationalism

Republican Motherhood

• Rise of Political Parties

  • Notables descending, Parties ascending

• St. John de Crevecoeur

  • Letters from an American Farmer: US had “no aristocratical families, no courts, no kings, no bishops”

  • Americans condemned social privilege, hailed legal equality.

  • Women and African-Americans were disenfranchised.

• → start of individualism (breaking down European social systems)

• Republican Families

  • Republican Marriage: young men and women chose their own partners regardless of financial resources; “companionate marriages: 

    • Sentimentalism: emphasized feelings over Enlightenment rationality.

  • Republican Motherhood: Raising kids; women’s role in the republic

    • Birthrate dropped after 1800 (6 kids as opposed to 9).

    • Women bore greater responsibility for the welfare of the family.

    • Dismissed public roles for women

  • Republican Children

    • Enlightenment mode: emphasis on rationality; sought to develop child’s conscience, instill self-discipline, and sense of responsibility.

    • Second Great Awakening mode: children “full of stains of sin”; sought to instill humility and subordinate their personalities to God’s will.

    • Increased emphasis on education; Parson Weems’ The Life of George Washington.

    • Cultural independence: Webster’s Dictionary; Washington Irving

Missouri Compromise

• Westward expansion after the diplomacy of John Quincy Adams led to new states

  • New states needed laws and constitutions; laws and constitutions had to decide whether or not to allow slavery

• Tallmadge Amendment: would only allow Missouri into the Union if slavery was outlawed.

• Southern Arguments against Tallmadge: 

  • 1. “equal rights”- Congress couldn’t impose conditions on Missouri that it didn’t on other territories.

  • 2. State sovereignty over internal affairs and domestic institutions

  • 3. Property rights of slave holders → Congress couldn't deny these rights

• Missouri Compromise:

  • Maine enters as a free state (1820); Missouri as a slave state (1821)

    • Caused slave states to have more power in the Senate

  • All lands north of 36, 30 are free states; south are slave states.