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What is the most common model to explain health behavior in public health?

Health belief model,  personal beliefs about health issues influence health behaviors 

What is the focus of the Theory of Reasoned Action, and how can we use it in an intervention to improve health?

people do things because they intend to, and those intentions come from what they personally believe about the behavior and what they think others expect of them 

How does social cognitive theory depend on role modeling?  

Observing role models helps individuals learn new skills and behaviors without direct experience.

What are the four critical types of perception in the Health Behavior Model (HBM)?

Perceived Susceptibility: Belief about the likelihood of experiencing a health issue, Perceived Severity: Belief regarding the seriousness of the health problem and its consequences, Perceived Benefits: Belief in the effectiveness of taking specific actions to reduce health risks, Perceived Barriers: Belief about the obstacles that may hinder taking action to improve health

How does HBM relate to self-efficacy?

emphasizes the role of individual beliefs in health-related behaviors, higher self-efficacy can lead to increased motivation to engage in health-promoting behaviors 

What is the difference between mental health and mental illness?

Mental health: component of health and well being, Mental illness: collective group of mental disorders 

What proportion of adults struggle with mental illness in the US?

 1 in 6 adults

What are some of the institutional resources that the US has historically used to address mental illness in communities?

 State hospitals, federal programs, health centers

What are some of the most prominent mental health disorders for adults in the US?

Anxiety, Depression, PTSD, Bipolar, Schizophrenia, Personality Disorders

How common is depression?

16% of US population experience major depressive disorder with 7-8% having current diagnosis 

How does parental stress change over the life span of children as they grow up?

Early childhood: sleep disturbances, adjustment to new parental role, Middle childhood: managing children’s emotional, social, cognitive, and physical transitions, Adolescence: child’s independence, risk taking behaviors, peer influences 

What are parents’ main sources of stress?

Financial strain, economic instability, time demands, concerns over children health and safety, parental isolation and loneliness, difficulty managing modern stuff

 How do rates of anxiety vary by birth cohort (as suggested by the impact of social media)?

Ages 18-25 have 139% increase, Ages 26-34 have 103% increase, Ages 35-49 have 52% increase, Ages 50+ have 8% increase 

Why are mental illnesses stigmatized in families and communities?

Discrimination, generational cycle, limited understanding

How does sleep buffer against mental illness, and how is it impacted by high rates of stress and anxiety?

Violence exposure, anxiety, ptsd and adverse childhood experiences are associated with poor sleep quality, good sleep helps our nervous system and growth 

How do mental illnesses manifest in our perceptions of our bodies, in eating disorders and body dysmorphia?

 Anorexia nervosa: unable to recognize that perceptions of their body are out of touch with reality and they are putting themselves in danger due to low body weight 

Body dysmorphia: preoccupied with perceived flaws in physical appearance other might not consider an issue 

How are they related to expressions of self-harm and self-injury?

 Self harm is unhealthy way to cope with emotional pain, intense anger, and frustration 

Are the causes of suicidal behavior genetic or environmental?

Both

What are some signs of suicidal behavior?

 Diagnosable mental conditions, substance abuse, loss of social support, access to firearm, talking/ researching about suicide, reckless behavior, 

How do we define substance abuse disorder?

Impaired control, social impairment, risky use, pharmacological

Alongside other behaviors, what role might it play in affecting family health outcomes?

violence

How has the opioid epidemic shifted over time, regarding supply of opioids for users?

Dropped but still have high death count

What is the impact of opioid use on family members, and how can families be protective of the consequences of this abuse?

 Million of children lost a family member due to overdose, being married and having children reduces likelihood of misuse

How can we define violence, and how can we use the socioecological model to explore contexts that put families at risk for violence?

The intentional use of physical force or power resulting in harming the other person, personal history: witnessing or being abuse, microsystem: conflict, male dominance, exosystem: low se status, isolation, macrosystem: male entitlement, rigid gender roles, acceptance

What are different processes of violence that are described within the term “interpersonal violence”?

community and societal level

 Is IPV only about physical abuse?

sexual and verbal abuse

How common is child abuse in the US, and how might we create environments that minimize the risk of child abuse?

7.7 victims per 1000 persons, nurturing children 

How do hormones shape sexual activity to allow women and men to bond? 

Orgasm releases dopamine and oxytocin that is beneficial for health, Dopamine: pleasure and satisfaction, orgasm functions as unconditioned stimulus for reward function, Oxytocin: love hormone lowers bp and heart rate

How do basics of female and male systems of health affect emotions and daily functioning in families? 

Female and male health systems influence emotions and daily family functioning through hormones, stress responses, energy levels, and mental health, which can affect communication, caregiving, mood, and relationships. Families function best when members understand these differences, support each other’s physical and emotional health, and communicate openly rather than relying on stereotypes.

How do the three methods of birth control for women (fertility awareness, hormonal, and barrier) differ?

IUD (barrier), birth control(hormonal) , refraining from sex (fertility awareness)

What are the three methods for men, and which are most widely used by for men?

Vasectomy, condoms, RISUG

How do these different methods differ in terms of their effectiveness?  

Vasectomy highly effective in blocking sperm, RISUG is long lasting and reversible and effective, condoms are less effective because of breaking and ineffective

How do we define reproductive justice, and how did this movement begin?

Reproductive justice: human right to maintain personal bodily autonomy… etc, movement began by Sister Song

 Discuss three important tenets of reproductive justice

a human right, about access not choice, not just about abortion

What are the origins of health care coverage in the US?

National war labor board 

How are Medicaid and Medicare different from each other? 

Medicare: protect elderly and disable, public insurance, linked to social security, funded by payroll taxes, federal revenue, and premium contributions, Medicaid: medical assistance to means-tested low-income persons, no cash benefit, funded by federal and state government 

What is the track record of health coverage for children in recent decades? For adults?

More children vaccinated and families insured over time, 25% of children enrolled in TANF have chronic illness, % of children without health insurance declined from ‘97 to ‘15 but increased through ‘20, adults Declined from ‘12 to ‘16 then increased through ‘20

What are the two critical concerns that led to the reform of US health care in 2012? \

 Rising healthcare costs and lack of access especially for working class and people of color 

How does the Affordable Care Act (ACA) rely on expansion of Medicaid?

Expanded to low income individuals, young adults stay on plan until 26, tax credits, basic services required for all plans 

How does ACA approach pre-existing conditions for family members?

No longer denied

What are the outcomes after a decade of ACA for families?

$940B, reduce federal deficit

How prevalent is incarceration in the lives of families, and how does it operate as a structural system?

2.4 million citizens, larger web of laws, rules, policies, and customs to control those labeled criminals

What is the impact of separation on children of incarcerated parents?

 1.5 million with incarcerated parents, 3.5 million with parole parents , 5 million with supervision parents, traumatic separation and negative child outcomes 

How did the American Psychological Association state about the effect of family deportation and separation on children?

 Needless and cruel, threatens the mental and physical health for all, keep families intact

How are black and brown men the targets of “racialization of illegality”?

Black men criminalized and incarcerated, latino men criminalized and subjected to gendered racial removal deportation

 How do professionals respond to policies that result in mental health casualties?

Aid to those unable to access or prioritize mental health is a moral imperative, needs to be through primary prevention 

 How has human action and inaction led to unhealth environmental exposures for families?  How are these exposures related to both acute diseases but also chronic illnesses

Human actions such as pollution, deforestation, industrial waste, and poor environmental regulations, along with inaction in addressing these problems, have increased unhealthy environmental exposures for families through contaminated air, water, food, and living conditions. These exposures can cause acute diseases like asthma attacks, infections, and poisoning, while also contributing to chronic illnesses such as cancer, heart disease, respiratory disorders, and developmental problems over time.

How is the American health care system suffering from high cost as well as poor quality and efficiency of medical services?

expensive medical treatments, administrative complexity, high drug prices, and unequal access to care, causing many families to struggle financially. At the same time, the system often delivers poor quality and inefficient services through long wait times, unequal treatment, preventable medical errors, and a focus on treating illness rather than preventing disease.

 What are patient-centered medical homes?

health care models in which a primary care doctor and a coordinated team work together to provide comprehensive, continuous, and personalized care for patients. They focus on improving communication, prevention, and long-term health outcomes while reducing unnecessary costs and hospital visits.