AP psych Unit 1 part 2

Sensation

Sensory receptors and nervous system receive stimuli energies from our environment

Circadian Rythm

Body’s internal clock that repeats on 24 hour cycle to regulate sleep patterns body temperature alertness and hormone levels

Hypnogogic sensations

Dream like sensations

Stage 1

Micro sleep, alpha theta waves

Stage 2

Theta waves with sleep spindles, K complexes

Stage 3

Deep sleep or slow wave, S sleep/delta waves

REM

Paradoxical sleep, brain is active body is resting, regulated by parasympathetic shroud

REM sleep disorder

Acting out your dreams (failure of shroud, rapid eye movements)

REM rebound

Getting more REM/ Stage 3 due to sleep deprivation

Insomnia

Difficulty falling asleep

Narcolepsy

Excessive daytime sleepiness due to genetics

Somnambolism

Stage three night terrors in REM due to genetics

Sleep apnea

Temporary interruption of breathing during sleep

Theory three activation synthesis

Ponds randomly activates, neurons to maintain healthy function, conscious minds, give patterns on random images. After the fact, dreams, mean nothing.

Pons

Regulated state of consciousness sleep wake cycle/dreaming

Stimulants

Stimulates sympathetic nervous system, cocaine, and caffeine

Depressants

Reduces nerve activity through GABA (neurotransmitters that reduce neural activity/brain signals), alcohol

opioids

Class of depressants, heroin

Hallucinogens

Ultra perception, marijuana

Hypnosis

Special state of consciousness gives direct access to subconscious effective in pain and anxiety

Heratability

Extent to when differences are attributable to genetic, always of trait in population

Transduction

conversion of energy

Sensation

Transaction of stimuli into electrochemical, nervous energy, what you’re not aware of

Perception

Organization of sensations, what we are aware of

Psychophysics

Study of relationship between stimulus and experience

Absolute threshold

Minimum intensity detectable more than 50% of the time

Webers Law

Difference Threshold= Just Noticeable Theory (JND)

JND=KI

JND is proportional to the intensity of the stimulus

Vision

Transduction of electromagnetic radiation

Wavelength

Determined Hue

Amplitude

Determines brightness

Trichromatic theory

3 primary colors, Red blue green

Dichromatic

2 cones/primary colors Red and Green

Monochromatic

One cone, blue

Opponent Process Theory

Red green

Blue yellow

Black White

Presence of one color inhibits the other (opposite), supported by after images

Retina

Where transduction (conversion of energy) occurs by Rod and Cone cells

Rods

Detect motion, contour

Cones

Detect color, details works only in bright light

Ganglion Cells

Neurons in the retina that receive visual signals from bipolar cells and sends them to the brain

Blind Spot

Axons of ganglion cells pass back into eye, then out through the optic nerve (blind spot)

Fovea

Where Cones are concentrated, sharpness of color

Accommodation

Changes in lens shape to adjust focus

Nearsighted

Focus in front of retina

Farsighted

Focus behind retina

Pitch

Determined by frequency of wave

Amplitude

Determines loudness