small animal Forelimb vessels

what direction carry blood in arterial vessels?

blood from heart to structures

what direction carry blood in venous vessels?

blood from structures to heart

What are deep veins satellite to? describe similarities

arteries of the same name

-have same topography just different bloodflow

what is superficial veins important for?

venipuncture/catheter placement

what does the median cubital vein link the cephalic vein to?

deep vein drianage

what vein put catheter in?

cephalic vein

what order does cephalic vein drain?

into external jugular than cranial vena cava then right atrium of heart

what is collateral circulation?

multiple arterial branches supply one given area so if one artery blocked can redirect blood flow to still get blood to the organ

What are the 4 main arteries of the forelimb from proximal to distal?

subclavian

axillary

brachial

median

what are axillary artery’s 4 branches from proximal to distal? which does each supply blood to?

External thoracic artery-superficial pectoral muscle

lateral thoracic artery-axillary lymph node,deep pectoral,lattisimus dorsi,cutaneous trunci

subscapular artery-subscapularis,teres major and scapula

cranial circumflex humeral artery-biceps brachii and glenohumeral joint

what are the 2 branches of subscapular artery? which do each supply?

Caudal circumflex humeral artery-teres major,glenohumeral joint

thorcodorsal-teres major and latissimus dorsi

what are brachial artery’s 45branches from proximal to distal? which does each supply blood to?

Deep brachial-triceps

collateral ulnaris-caudal elbow and medial head of triceps

bicipital-biceps brachii

transverse cubital-cranial elbow and elbow joint

common interosseus-antibrachium

what are median artery’s 2 branches from proximal to distal? which does each supply blood to?

Deep antibrachial-flexors and palmer manus

radial-extensors andpalmer and all of manus

What is the brachial plexus? where found?

Large collection of nerves medial to the forelimb in the axillary region

What nerves does brachial plexus contain?

ventral branches of spinal nerves C6 to T2

What is innervation like for Brachial plexus?

mixed

somatic motor efferent

sensory afferent

what is a mixed nerve?

have both motor component and sensory component

What are the 11 proximal nerves of the forelimb?

Cranial Pectoral nerve

Caudal pectoral nerve

lateral thoracic nerve

thoracodorsal nerve

suprascapular nerve

subscapular nerve

musculocutaneous nerve

axillary nerve

radial nerve

median nerve

ulnar nerve

What does Cranial pectoral nerve innervate and what does it run with?

innervates superficial pectoral mus.

runs with thoracic artery

What does caudal pectoral nerve innervate and what does it run with?

innervates deep pectoral

runs with lateral thoracic artery

What does lateral thoracic nerve innervate and what does it run with?

innervates motor cutaneous trunci

runs with lateral thoracic nerve near the axillary lymph node

what use to test panniculus reflex?

lateral thoracic nerve

What does throacodorsal nerve innervate and what does it run with?

innervates latissimus dorsi

runs with thoracodorsal artery

What does suprascapular nerve innervate and what does it run with?

innervates infraspinatous muscle and supraspinatus muscle

travels ebtween subscapularis and supraspinatous muscles

what protects suprascapular nerve?

the acromion

What does subscapular nerve innervate and what does it run with?

innervates subscapularis muscle

does subscapular nerve sometime shave multiple visible branches?

yes

What does musculocutaneous nerve innervate and what does it run with?

Motor innervation to coracobrachialis,biceps brachii and brachialis muscle

sensory innervation to medial aspect of antibrachium

what is the motor function of the musculocutaneous nerve?

elbow flexion (since its motor innervation are elbow flexors)

What does axillary nerve innervate and what does it run with?

motor innervation of teres major, teres minor, deltodideus and part of subscapularis

sensory innervation of caudal scapular region and craniolateral brachium

where does axillary nerve dive into?

the space between the subscapularis and teres major

What does radial nerve innervate and what does it run with?

somatic motor to tricepps brachii, tensor fascia antibrachii, aconeus, all extensors of carpus/digits

sensory innervation to dorsal manus

what is radial nerve necessary for?

weight baring on limb

does the radial nerve split into branches?

yes-into 2 superficial branches that run with cephalic vein and a deep branch

What does median nerve innervate and what does it run with?

motor innervates pronator teres, pronator quadratus, flexor carpi radialis, superifical digital flexor and parts ofdeep digital flexor

sensory innervation to palmer aspect of paw

starts as common trunk with ulnar nerve!

What does ulnar nerve innervate and what does it run with?

motor innervates the flexor carpi ulnaris and deep digital flexor

senspry innervates palmar aspects of manus

what is special about ulnar nerve?

is the only sensory innervation to fifth digital autonomous zone

on a tests if they were to give you a situation in which a specific nerve was not functional and asked you what would be result of this what do you say?

say that the muscle that specific neuron innervates wouldn’t be able to do its action (would need to specifically say what the action is and what muscle is innervated by it)

-also would need to say loss of sensation and give where for those with sensory inndervation

what is an autonomous zone?

area of sensation provided by one nerve

what are 3 autonomous zones of forelimb you need to know?

zone on medial axial aspect of limb innervated by musculocutaneous nerve

zone on medial and lateral caudal aspect of limb innervated by ulnar nerve

zone on dorsal surface of mannus innervated by radial nerve

when doing nerve block what must be considered?

-which nerves

-nerve function

-nerve location

what would happen if have proximal injury to radial nerve?

loss of ability to extend elbow, carpus and digits so cant support weight on forelimb if injury happens at the brachial plexus

what would happen if have distal injury to radial nerve?

loss of ability to extend the carpus and digits but can still extend elbow though the patient will knuckle over at the carpus as injury happen after innervation of the triceps

-also loose cutaneous sensation on cranial aspect of antebrachium and dorsal aspect of the paw

what if have median and ulnar nerve damage?

get reduction or complete loss of ability to flex the carpus and digits resulting in hyperextension of the carpus and fetlock as well as loss of cutaneous sensation on lateral aspect of paw and fifth digit

what happen if get axillary nerve damage?

get decreased shoulder stability as loss of motor innervation to the flexors of shoulder. also get loss of sensation on lateral aspect of brachium and caudal scapular region

what happen if get musculocutaneous damage?

get a decrease or lack of ability to flex the elbow and lack of sensation on the medial aspect of forearm