Human Anatomy, Physiology and Pathophysiology I Question Bank

Flashcards defining core concepts, anatomical terms, physiological functions, and pathological conditions from the Human Anatomy, Physiology and Pathophysiology I question bank.

Cell

The basic structural and functional unit of the human body.

Homeostasis

The maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment.

Epithelial tissue

The tissue that covers body surfaces and lines body cavities.

Connective tissue

The tissue that primarily provides support, binding, and protection to other tissues.

Blood

A fluid connective tissue.

Erythrocytes

The blood components primarily responsible for oxygen transport.

Platelets

The blood components that have the primary role in clot formation.

Haemopoiesis

The formation of blood cells.

Anaemia

A condition that may result from inadequate iron availability.

Histamine

A major mediator of inflammation.

Vasodilation

The vascular response primarily associated with redness and warmth during acute inflammation.

Sympathetic nervous system

The division of the autonomic nervous system that produces the fight-or-flight response.

Paracrine signalling

A type of cellular signalling that acts on nearby cells.

Gap junction

A cellular structure that allows direct communication between adjacent cells.

Hypertrophy

An increase in the size of individual cells.

Hyperplasia

A cellular adaptation characterized by an increase in the number of cells.

Mitochondrion

The cell organelle chiefly associated with ATP production.

Diffusion

The process that moves substances from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration without energy expenditure.

Epidermis

The layer of the skin that contains the hair shaft.

Frontal plane

The anatomical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.

Olfactory nerve

The cranial nerve associated with the sense of smell.

Artery

A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart.

SA node

The natural pacemaker of the heart.

ECG

An instrument commonly used to record the electrical activity of the heart.

Cardiac output

The cardiovascular parameter calculated as $\text{Heart rate} \times \text{stroke volume}$.

Angina pectoris

A condition resulting from inadequate blood supply to the myocardium, commonly due to coronary artery disease.

Hypertension

A cardiovascular disorder diagnosed when a person has persistently elevated arterial blood pressure.

Glaucoma

A condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure.

O negative

The blood group commonly described as the universal red-cell donor considering ABO and Rh grouping.

Physiology

The study of the normal functioning of the human body.

Tendon

A structure that connects a muscle to a bone.

Endocrine signalling

A type of cellular signalling that acts over long distances through the bloodstream.