Human Bio Exam 2

Metabolism

sum of all chemical reactions within an organism

Catabolism

breakdown of organic molecules/energy release/produced

Anabolism

building of organic matter/ requires ATP

Coenzymes

increases reaction rate (NAD+/FAD)

• removes hydrogen ions

oxidation reaction

loss of electron

reduction reaction

gain of electron

Anaerobic Reaction

does not require O2 (glycolysis)

• occures in cytoplasm

Aerobic Reaction

requires O2 (cellular respiration)

• occurs in mitochondria

Glycolysis Factors

Glucose molecules, Cytoplasmic enzymes, ATP/ADP, Inorganic phosphates, NAD+

Products of glycolysis

2 H20, 2 NADH, 4 ATP (Net 2), 2 Pyruvate

Cirtic Acid Cycle

coenzymes transfer electron from pyruvic acid to electron transport system

Electron Transport System (ETC)

Electrons passed down protein cascade generating a H+ gradient (converts ADP→ATP)

Outer Mitochondrial membrane characteristics

• large diameter pores

• permeable to ions and small organic molecules (pyruvate)

Mitchondrial inner membrane characteristics

• contains carrier proteins

• moves pyruvate into mitchondrial matrix (Krebs)

Order of Carbon Shuffling

• Pyruvate (3)

• Acetyl CoA (2) - combines with oxaloacetic acid (free 4)

• Citric Acid (6) →CO2

• Ketoglutaric acid (5) →CO2

• Succinyl CoA (4) → reconfigurations

• Oxaloacetic Acid (4)

Products from 1 pyruvate

• 3 CO2

• 4 NADH

• 1 FAD

• 1 ATP

Total ATP produces from one Glucose

36

Electron Transport Cycle (ETS)

NADH flows through proteins and gets oxidized allowing H+ ions through.

H+ flow passively through channel with ATP synthase to make ATP and H20