History Exam 3

Articles of Confederation

1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788, must have 3/4 vote to change an article, no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade, power to the states

Republicanism/Republican Ideology

Based on the Social Compact, the belief that government should be based on the consent of the people, balance between liberty and authority

Public Virtue

Sacrificing one's self-interest for the public good

Anti-Federalists

Radical Patriots, against central government, Democratic-Republican Party, Jefferson

Strict Construction/Express Powers/Enumerated Powers

expressed or enumerated powers, supported by Anti-Federalists, the government can only do what is stated in the constitution

Loose construction/Implied powers/Broad powers

implied or broad powers, supported by Federalists, if it is not stated in the constitution as prohibited then the government has permission to do it, necessary and proper clause (congress has power to make all laws that are necessary and proper for carrying into execution), 9th amendment

Federalism

A system in which power is divided between the national and state governments

Federalists

Moderate Patriots, believed in a central government, federalist Party, Hamilton

Democrat-Republicans

National political party in the early republic, led by Thomas Jefferson, that called for a restrained national government with modest expenditures and often called Jeffersonian Republicans to distinguish them from the later Republican Party

Shay’s Rebellion

Regulator movements in rural Massachusetts that violently resisted the state's imposition of direct taxes. County courts were targeted by rebels; foreclosure proceeding where cashless farmers were losing land, poised to seize a federal arsenal, incident dramatized the economic & political crisis facing the confederation

Northwest Ordinances

A way for the federal government to have power over states, chose state territories rather than states claiming more land for themselves

Executive Branch

led by the president, carries out legislature

Legislative Branch

Congress, makes legislature

Judicial Branch

court systems, interprets the laws and decides whether or not they are constitutional

Checks and Balances

The Bill of Rights enable the three branches of government to keep each other's powers in check

Virginia/Large State Plan

supported by big states, number of reps by state population, bicameral legislature

New Jersey/Small State Plan

supported by small states, 2 reps per state, unicameral legislature

3/5ths Compromise

African Americans being counted as 3/5th of population, northern states advocated only free people, southern states wanted their African Americans to count as population

Great Compromise (aka Connecticut Compromise)

An agreement creating a bicameral Congress with proportional representation in the House and equal representation (two senators per state) in the Senat

"Revolution of 1800"

John Adams gives up his power to the Democratic-Republicans (Jefferson) after losing the election. The voting went to the House of Representatives, where a federalist changed his vote from Aaron to Jefferson. A party shifted to another. This was the first peaceful transition of power in US history

Sedition Act

Made it a crime to write, print, utter, or publish criticism of the president or government. It suppressed free speech. It limited voices of people against the government. It also made federalists less popular. It also violated the first Amendment.

Alien Act

John Adams was trying to limit the power for the democratic republicans. To limit the voices of people against the government. Deport any "alien" that goes against the constitution.

Whiskey Rebellion

Started when farmers felt unfairly targeted by Hamiliton’s whisky tax since making/distributing whisky was their main form of income. They protested the tax by closing/blocking the courts and harassing tax collectors

The Bill of Rights

First 10 amendments to the Constitution

1^st Amendment

Freedom of religion, assembly, press, petition, speech

2^nd Amendment

Right to bear arms

3^rd Amendment

No quartering of troop

4^th Amendment

Freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures

5^th Amendment

The right to remain silent

6^th Amendment

Right to a fair, speedy trial

7^th Amendment

Right to a trial by jury in civil cases

8^th Amendment

No cruel or unusual punishment

9^th Amendment

Unenumerated rights to the people

10^th Amendment

Powers reserved to the States

Transportation Revolution

At the dawn of the IR, roads were unpaved so travel by land wasn't convenient, travel by water was preferable if affordable, railroads, canals, boats

Communications Revolution

At the dawn of the IR, long-distance communication was inefficient; traveling messengers required, telegraph, telephone

Energy Revolution

Animal power, water wheels, steam, electricity

Labor Revolution

Mechanization, immigration

Capital Revolution

Banks, stock markets, insurance

Legal Revolution

Bankruptcy, patents, tariffs, eminent domain, limited liability, liberalization of incorporation

Market revolution

Producer culture --> consumer culture, trade goods for goods --> trade cash for goods

Limited liability

Encouraged investors to take risks on new unproven businesses, limited the amount of money each investor could lose if a business failed, removed a constraint that limited economic growth

Second Great Awakening

The great awakening occurred because there was a revivalist outpouring with roots in Europe and America. Colonists basically witnessed breakthroughs in religious toleration and controversies within the ministry. The great awakening occurred because there was a revivalist outpouring with roots in Europe and America. Overall, it influenced Abolitionism by creating an immediate demand from the North to abolish slavery, and it influenced temperance by creating a need to stop excessive drinking.

Indian Removal

National security priority, immediate attention, and forceful action.

Factory system

A method of manufacturing that uses machinery and division of labor. Because of the high capital cost of machinery and factory buildings, factories are typically owned by capitalists who employ operative labor. Use of machinery with the division of labor reduced the required skill level of workers and increased the output per worker.

Debt assumption

The federal government takes on the remainder of state debts and it becomes a collective responsibility, southern states that paid off their debt opposed it, tariffs imposed

Tariffs

taxes on imported goods

Eminent Domain

Governmental power to seize and attain property for public use

Upper South

Several leading southern plantation owners openly favored some form of gradual abolition, especially in the Upper South (Maryland, Delaware, Virginia, and North Carolina), where a downturn in the tobacco economy made slave labor—which could be costly to maintain and posed a perpetual threat of disorder or insurrection—less valuable.

Lower South/Deep South

In the Lower South, planters' demand for slave labor created a black majority from the early decades of settlement. Overall, about one-third of the South was enslaved, though the proportion was somewhat lower in the Upper South and somewhat higher in the Deep South.

Trickster tails

Tales originated in Africa, but as they evolved in the retellings of African American slaves, the animal figures acquired more human characteristics and aspirations. Unlike the mythic heroes of nineteenth-century white American culture, they relied not on superhuman size or strength, but on their wits—and a cunning grasp of their adversaries' habits and weaknesses

Abolitionists

Fought against slavery. Believed slaveholding was sinful

Immediatism

Called for the immediate emancipation of slaves, without compensation to the slaveholders

Slave narratives

Invaluable sources of information about the experience of slavery, but they were also commercial publications designed to attract readers and yield revenue, often for the author. Moreover, they were abolitionist tracts designed to persuade readers of the evil of slavery in the American South by using particular rhetorical techniques.

King Cotton

The persistence and expansion of slavery in the United States were driven, above all else, by cotton.

Spirituals

In the 1870s, Ella Sheppard and fellow musicians of the all-African American Jubilee Singers transcribed and performed dozens of these spirituals, introducing the nation and the world to America's first homegrown musical tradition

 

Yeoman farmers

 

Substantial landowners who grew crops for the market as well as for subsistence.

Slave Power

Local communities and state governments shared the slaveholder's interest in maintaining slave discipline, preventing insurrection, and defending the southern slave system against outside criticism.

Cult of Domesticity

An idealized depiction of the home as a tranquil domain of a nurturing mother

Separate Spheres

Middle-class ideal where home life was strictly separated from the workplace and women’s roles were separate from men’s, with women running the household and men earning money outside it.

Women’s suffrage

Women fought to have the same right to suffrage—voting in popular elections.

Anti-Catholicism

Pursued by many native-born Protestants as a major reform cause. New Englanders claimed a long tradition of anti-Catholicism going back to the Puritan founding of their colonies, but even in other parts of the country, a general fear of conspiracies and foreign influences exposed American Catholics to the suspicion that they were taking orders from the Pope.