Physiology Exam 1

Anatomy Vs. Physiology

Anatomy is the structure of the body. Physiology is the function of the body

Levels of Organization

Cell

Tissue

Organ

Organ System

Organism

Homeostasis

The bodies ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes

Negative Feedback

The most common type. This involves a response that is reverse of the change detected.

Positive Feedback

Less common. involves a response that involves a response that reinforces the change detected

Atoms

The smallest unit of an element that retains the chemical properties of that element

Molecules

A group of two or more atoms chemically bonded together that forms the smallest unit of a substance.

Ions

Atom or molecule that has an electrical charge because it has gained or lost one or more electrons

Cations

Positively charged ion that forms when an atom loses one or more electrons

Anions

A negatively charged ion that forms when an atom gains one or more electrons

Solutes

A substance that is dissolved in a solvent to form a solution

Solvent

The substance that dissolves the solute to form a solutions

What are basic chemical bonds?

Forces that hold atoms together to form molecules and compounds

What are the 3 main types of basic chemical bonds?

Ionic bonds

Covalent bonds

Hydrogen bonds

Ionic Bonds

Electrons transferred between atoms

Covalent bonds

Electrons that are shared between atoms

Hydrogen bonds

Weak attractions between modules

What are the four major elements in living matter?

Hydrogen

Oxygen

Carbon

Nitrogen

Electrolytes

Substances that dissolve in water and separate into ions. Allowing the solution to conduct electricity

Acids

A substance that releases hydrogen ions when dissolved in water giving it a pH below 7

pH

Is a measurement of how acidic or basic a solution is.

Buffers

Substances that resist changes in pH when acids or bases are added to a solution

What are the major organic molecules?

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic acids

Carbohydrates

Organic molecule made from carbon, hydrogen, oxygen. Provides the body with its main source of energy

Lipids

Organic molecules that include fats, oils and cholesterol. They store energy, insulate and protect the body, help form cell membranes

Proteins

Large molecules made of amino acids. They help build and repair tissues, and are used to make enzymes, hormones, and antibodies.

Nucleic Acids

Molecules that store and transmit genetic information.

Anabolism

The process of building larger molecules from smaller molecules which require energy

Catabolism

The process of breaking down larger molecules into smaller molecules which releases energy

How do buffers help maintain pH?

They resist sudden changes in acidity or alkalinity. They can bind excess hydrogen ions when a solution becomes too acidic or release hydrogen ions when it becomes too basic

What are the major cell structures?

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Vesicle

Goli body

Mitochondria

Lysosome

Ribosome

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Centriole

Nucleus

Nucleolus

Nuclear envelope

Cytoplasm

Cell membrane

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Involved with the production, folding, quality control, and dispatch or some proteins.

Vesicle

Transports, stores, and digests substances inside the cell

Golgi body

Helps process and package proteins and lipid molecules especially proteins destined to be exported from the cells

Mitochondria

Generates most of the chemical energy needed to power cells biochemical reactions

Lysosome

Breaks down unwanted material

Ribosome

Manufacturers cellular proteins after receiving RNA from the nucleolus. Ribosomes leave the nucleolus and the nucleus become active in the cytoplasm. They also attach to the endoplasmic reticulum.

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Responsible for the synthesis of the essential lipids such as phospholipids and cholesterol

Centriole

Anchors microtubules and assists in cell division

Nucleolus

Considered the “ribosome factory” inside the nucleus where the cell builds the parts needed to make proteins

Nuclear Envelope

Considered the protective shell that surrounds the nucleus. It has tiny openings that allow important molecules to move in and out

Cytoplasm

Provides the structural environment in which organelles are suspended. it serves as the site for many metabolic reactions

Cell membrane

Regulates the transport of materials entering and existing the cell separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment

Selective Permeability

The ability of a cell membrane to allow certain substances to pass through while preventing others from passing

Membrane transport

The movement of substances into and out of the cell through the cell membrane

Simple diffusion

The movement of molecules from high to low concertation

Facilitated Diffusion

The movement of substances from an area of high concentration to low concentration through protein channels or carrier proteins in the cell membrane

Osmosis

The movement of water across a selective permeable membrane from an area of lower to higher solute concentration

Active transport

The movement of substances from an area of low to high concentration using ATP energy

The sodium-potassium pump

A type of active transport that uses ATP to move 3 sodium ions out of the cell and 2 potassium ions into the cell

What are the body fluid compartments?

Intracellular Fluid

Extracellular Fluid

Interstitial Fluid

Intravascular Fluid

Interstitial Fluid

Fluid found between cells that surrounds and bathes the cells. It helps transport nutrients and oxygen to cells and carry away waste products

Extracellular Fluid

The fluid outside of the cells that surrounds cells and provides them with nutrients and oxygen while carrying waste away

Intracellular Fluid

Fluid inside cells

Intravascular Fluid

The fluid inside blood vessels, primarily blood plasma

Osmolality

How concentrated a fluid is with dissolves particles

General sodium potassium distribution inside Vs. outside cells

Sodium is low inside of the cell and high outside of the cell and Potassium is high inside of the cell and low outside the cell

Isotonic Conditions

A condition where the fluid outside the cell has the same solute concentration as inside the cell, so there is no net movement of water

Hypotonic Conditions

A condition where the fluid outside the cell has a lower solute concentration than inside the cell causing water to move into the cell

Hypertonic Conditions

A condition where the fluid outside the cell is higher solute concentration than inside the cell causing water to move out of the cell. The cell shrinks

Fluid Shifts

The movement of water between the different fluid compartments of the body to maintain proper fluid balance

Cell Swelling

When a cell takes in too much water

Cell shrinking

When a cell loses water causing in to decrease

Edema

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the tissues causing swelling

Insensible water loss

The loss of water from the body the occurs without being noticed or easily measured, mainly though breathing and evaporation though the skin

Acid-base balance

The process of maintaining the proper balance of acids and bases in the body, keeping blood pH within a normal range

Membrane potential

The difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of the cell membrane, caused by the unequal distribution if ions

Polarized resting cell

A cell whose membrane has a difference in electrical charge with the inside of the cell more negatively charged than the outside.

Depolarization

The process in which the inside of a cell becomes less negative and more positive, usually because sodium ions move into the cell

Repolarization

The process in which the cell membrane returns toward its normal resting state, making the inside of the cell more negative again.

Cell cycle

A series of steps a cell goes through to grow, copy its DNA, and divide into two daughter cells. G1, S, G2, Mitosis

G1-Phase

Longest phase, cell grows, organelles synthesize proteins and produce energy

S-Phase

S stands for synthesis because during this phase DNA is replicated so that the daughter cell receives identical copies of the genetic material.

G2- Phase

Checks that duplicated DNA is complete and intact before the cell divides

Mitosis

When it actually divides into daughter cells involving separating the replicated DNA in two distinct nuclei

Protein synthesis

The process cells use to make proteins from the instructions stored DNA. DNA to RNA to Protein

Transcription

The process of copying the genetic information from DNA to mRNA

Translation

The process of using the instructions mRNA to build protein

What are major components of blood

Plasma

Red blood cells

White blood cells

Platelets

Plasma

Liquid portion of blood that carries blood cells and other substances though the body. It also transports nutrients, hormones, proteins, gasses, and waste products

Red blood cells

Cells that transport oxygen throughout the body

White blood cells

Cells that protect the body from infection and disease

Platelets

Cell fragments in the blood that help stop bleeding

What are the major functions of blood?

Transportation

Regulation

Defense

Transportation

Carrying substances throughout the body, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones

Regulation

Helps maintain stable conditions inside the body such as body temperature, pH, fluid balance

Defense

Helps protect the body from infection, disease, and blood loss

Relationship between red blood cells and hemoglobin

RBCs are cells that transport oxygen and hemoglobin is the protein inside red blood cells that binds to oxygen

Oxygen transport from lungs to tissues

Oxygen enters the lungs, oxygen moves from the alveoli into the blood, hemoglobin inside red blood cells binds to oxygen, red blood cells carry the oxygen trough the blood stream, at the bodies tissues oxygen is released.

Carbon dioxide transport from lungs to tissues

Cells produce carbon dioxide as a waste product, carbon dioxide moves from tissues into the blood, blood carries it to the lungs, and removed when breathed out

Erythropoiesis

The process of producing red blood cells from red bone marrow

What is the role of erythropoietin (EPO) when tissue oxygen is low?

Kidneys release EPO, signals the bone marrow and makes more reb blood cells

Hemostasis

the process that stops bleeding when a blood vessel is damages

What are the steps of hemostasis

Vessel injury

Platelet response

Platelet plug

Clot formation

Fibrin stabilization

Clotting factors

Proteins in the blood that work together to from a stable blood clot to stop bleeding

Fibrin

A protein that forms a mesh-like network during blood clotting

Neutrophils

A type of white blood cell that provides rapid defense against bacterial infections

Monocytes

A type of white blood cells that fight infection and clean up damaged tissue

Macrophages

Large immune cells that engulf and destroy pathogens, dead cells, and debris