Set 1: Toddlerhood (Ch 5) - 33 terms

Kwashiorkor

Protein deficiency in toddlerhood; lethargy, irritability, thinning hair, swollen body

Marasmus

Protein and calorie deficiency specific to infancy; can develop into kwashiorkor

Kwashiorkor vs marasmus

Kwashiorkor is protein deficiency in toddlerhood with a swollen body; marasmus is protein and calorie deficiency in infancy and can develop into kwashiorkor

Gross motor skills

Use large muscles (walking, running, climbing, jumping)

Fine motor skills

Use small muscles with eyes, hands, fingers (holding a spoon, stacking blocks)

EEG

Measures electrical activity of the cerebral cortex

fMRI

Records blood flow and oxygen use; hard with toddlers because they must stay still

EEG vs fMRI

EEG measures electrical activity; fMRI measures blood flow and oxygen use

Vygotsky's sociocultural theory

Cognitive development is social and cultural; we develop because we learn through interaction

Piaget vs Vygotsky overall

Vygotsky: development comes from social and cultural interaction; Piaget: children build understanding through their own exploration and stages

Piaget vs Vygotsky on private speech

Piaget: shows egocentrism; Vygotsky: helps children solve problems

Zone of proximal development (ZPD)

Skills a child can do with help but not alone; contrasts with what the child can do independently

Scaffolding

Help given within the ZPD, reduced as the child improves

Guided participation (Rogoff)

Teaching through shared culturally valued activity with little explicit instruction

Private speech

Self-guiding comments children make while learning; shifts from aloud to internal

Broca's area

Left frontal lobe; language production

Wernicke's area

Language comprehension

Pride and shame across cultures

West: pride good, shame harmful; Japan and China: pride a danger, shame useful for considering others

Old belief about attachment

Attachment results mainly from relief of physical needs such as hunger

Lorenz

Goslings imprinted on the first moving object, not the one that fed them; bonds are about protection

Harlow

Baby monkeys preferred the cloth mother over the wire mother that gave milk

Contact comfort

Comfort from physical touch; Harlow showed it matters more than feeding for attachment

Spitz

Institutionalized infants fed but emotionally neglected developed anaclitic depression

Bowlby

Attachment is an emotional bond for protection and survival

Secure base

Caregiver the child uses as a safe point to explore from and return to

Strange Situation (Ainsworth)

Lab procedure with introductions, separations, and reunions to assess attachment; reunion behavior matters most

Secure attachment

Responsive caregiver; child upset at leaving, happy at return, seeks comfort

Insecure-avoidant attachment

Dismissive caregiver; child shows no distress at leaving and ignores the return

Insecure-resistant attachment

Inconsistent caregiver; child distressed at leaving and not comforted on return

Disorganized-disoriented attachment

Abusive or neglectful caregiver; child dazed or fearful

Caregiver sensitivity vs responsiveness

Sensitivity is knowing what the child needs; responsiveness is quickly soothing

Child effect critique

Attachment is bidirectional; the child's temperament also shapes caregiver behavior

Cultural critique of attachment

Attachment behavior is interpreted differently across cultures (for example Japan's amae)