KIN 211 Exam 2 Condensed Study Guide: Carbohydrates, Fats, Proteins, Vitamins, Water & Minerals

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering macro- and micronutrients, dietary reference intakes, upper intake levels, digestion, and metabolism for KIN 211 Exam 2.

Carbohydrates

The body's preferred energy source, providing $4\,\text{kcal/g}$.

Carbohydrate AMDR

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range stating carbohydrates should comprise $45\text{--}65\%$ of total daily calories.

Fiber AI (Adequate Intake)

$25\,\text{g/day}$ for adult women and $38\,\text{g/day}$ for adult men ages $19\text{--}50$.

Monosaccharides

Simple carbohydrates consisting of a single sugar unit: glucose, fructose, and galactose.

Disaccharides

Simple carbohydrates consisting of two sugar units: sucrose, lactose, and maltose.

Starch

A complex, digestible plant storage carbohydrate made of longer sugar chains.

Glycogen

A complex carbohydrate storage form found in animal liver and muscle tissue.

Soluble Fiber

Fiber that can help lower blood cholesterol and slow glucose absorption.

Insoluble Fiber

Fiber that is not fully digested and supports bowel regularity.

Insulin and Glucagon

Hormones that regulate blood sugar levels: insulin lowers blood glucose, while glucagon raises it.

Fasting Blood Glucose

Normal is $70\text{--}99\,\text{mg/dL}$, prediabetes is $100\text{--}125\,\text{mg/dL}$, and diabetes is $\ge 126\,\text{mg/dL}$ (confirmed by a clinician).

Ketones

Compounds produced when the body relies heavily on fat for energy, such as during periods of very low carbohydrate availability.

Type 1 Diabetes

A chronic condition characterized by little or no insulin production by the pancreas.

Type 2 Diabetes

A chronic condition characterized by insulin resistance and often reduced insulin production over time.

Glycemic Index

A metric that estimates how quickly a carbohydrate food raises blood glucose.

Fats (Lipids)

Nutrients providing concentrated energy ($9\,\text{kcal/g}$), forming cell membranes, providing insulation, protecting organs, and aiding absorption of vitamins A, D, E, and K.

Fat AMDR

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range recommending $20\text{--}35\%$ of daily calories from fat, keeping saturated fat below $10\%$ and trans fat as low as possible.

Triglycerides

The primary lipid form used to store energy in the body.

Phospholipids

Lipids that structurally form cell membranes.

Fatty Acid Saturation

Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds; monounsaturated fatty acids have one double bond; polyunsaturated fatty acids have two or more double bonds.

Essential Fatty Acids

Fatty acids that must come from the diet: omega-$6$ linoleic acid and omega-$3$ alpha-linolenic acid (ALA).

Chylomicrons

Lipoprotein particles that transport dietary fat from the intestine to the rest of the body.

LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein)

Lipoprotein that carries cholesterol to tissues; high levels are associated with elevated cardiovascular risk.

HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein)

Lipoprotein that helps return cholesterol from peripheral tissues back to the liver.

Cholesterol

A sterol required for cell membranes, bile acids, and steroid hormones; synthesized endogenously and ingested via animal-derived foods.

Proteins

Macronutrients supplying $4\,\text{kcal/g}$ needed for growth, repair, enzymes, hormones, antibodies, transport, fluid balance, and acid–base balance.

Protein AMDR

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range recommending $10\text{--}35\%$ of daily calories from protein.

Adult Protein RDA

Recommended Dietary Allowance of $0.8\,\text{g/kg}$ body weight/day for adults.

Protein Structural Levels

Four organization levels: primary (amino acid sequence), secondary (local folding), tertiary ($3\text{-D}$ conformation), and quaternary (multiple joined chains).

Deamination

The enzymatic removal of an amino group from an amino acid molecule.

Transamination

The transfer of an amino group from one molecule to another.

Nitrogen Balance

State of protein metabolism that is positive during growth, pregnancy, or recovery, and negative during starvation or serious illness.

BUN and UUN

Blood urea nitrogen and urine urea nitrogen; laboratory measures reflecting nitrogen and protein metabolism.

Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Vitamins A, D, E, and K; stored readily in the body, meaning excessive supplemental intake can cause toxicity.

Water-Soluble Vitamins

Vitamin C and the B vitamins; generally require regular dietary intake as excess amounts are excreted, though high-dose supplements can still cause harm.

Vitamin A

A fat-soluble vitamin essential for vision and immune function; low intake may cause night blindness.

Vitamin D

A fat-soluble vitamin necessary for calcium absorption and bone health; deficiency can result in rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults.

Vitamin E

A fat-soluble antioxidant vitamin found in vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds; deficiency can rarely cause nerve or muscle problems.

Vitamin K

A fat-soluble vitamin required for blood clotting; low intake can cause excessive bleeding.

Vitamin C

A water-soluble nutrient critical for collagen synthesis, wound healing, antioxidant defense, and iron absorption; deficiency causes scurvy.

Bioavailability

The degree to which an ingested nutrient is absorbed and utilized by the body.

UL (Tolerable Upper Intake Level)

The highest average daily nutrient intake unlikely to cause harm or pose risk; it is not a recommended target intake.

Total Water AI (Adequate Intake)

Recommended fluid intake from all beverages and food combined: about $3.7\,\text{L/day}$ for adult men and $2.7\,\text{L/day}$ for adult women.

Osmosis

The passive net movement of water across a semipermeable membrane toward higher solute concentration.

ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)

Hormone that signals the kidneys to retain water to preserve fluid balance.

Aldosterone

Hormone that signals the kidneys to retain sodium, which subsequently helps retain water.

Hyponatremia

Abnormally low blood sodium concentration, sometimes caused by excess water intake relative to sodium.

Major Minerals

Minerals required by the body in larger amounts: calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, and sulfur.

Trace Minerals

Minerals required by the body in smaller amounts: iron, zinc, iodine, selenium, copper, manganese, fluoride, chromium, and molybdenum.

Sodium Dietary Guideline

General health recommendation advising adults to consume less than $2,300\,\text{mg/day}$ of sodium.

Electrolytes

Minerals carrying an electrical charge in bodily fluids, including sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, and magnesium.