Section IV G - Perilous Journeys Flashcards

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering key terms, dates, historical facts, and listening guide analyses from Section IV G (Perilous Journeys).

Modern Merchant Vessel Piracy Incidents (2024)

116 incidents recorded in 2024, representing more than two per week.

Cruise Ship Marauder Precaution

Turning off cabin lights and closing curtains in high-risk areas to avoid alerting pirates to the vessel's presence.

Symphonie fantastique Composition Date

1830 work composed by Hector Berlioz.

Symphonie fantastique Movement IV Title

"March to the Scaffold" ("Marche au Supplice").

Early Military Signal Instruments Purpose

Communicating orders to troops in eras prior to loudspeakers, radios, or phones.

Virgil (70–19 BCE)

Ancient Roman poet who documented the army's use of musical instruments.

Sixteenth-Century Drum Signals

Distinctive rhythmic patterns developed by European nations to alert armies.

Plymouth Colony Assembly Signal (1627)

The beat of a drum used to gather the Pilgrim militia in front of the captain's door with muskets or firelocks.

Modern Attention-Getting Signals

Daily auditory prompts derived from historical signals, such as doorbells and phone ringtones.

Earliest Tone Color for Signals

Percussion instruments.

Functional March

Music featuring strong, steady, repetitive rhythms designed to assist armies in keeping step while moving.

Three Functions of Military Music

Dignifying ceremonial functions, lifting morale, and enabling soldiers to march in step together.

Art of War (1521)

Book by Niccolò Machiavelli highlighting the longstanding role of music in regulating armies.

Princess Anna Amalia of Prussia (1723–1787)

Prussian royal who composed military marches in the 1760s–1770s for her brother Frederick the Great's army regiments.

Frederick the Great

Prussian king whose military regiments utilized marches written by Princess Anna Amalia.

Funeral March

A slower march cousin designed to maintain a steady matched pace for funeral processions.

Muffled Percussion

Dampening percussion instruments in funeral marches to create subdued beats.

Dotted Rhythms in Funeral Marches

A characteristic rhythmic pattern frequently employed in funeral marches.

Funeral March Mode

Typically set in a minor mode.

Funeral March Key Modulations

Frequently shift to keys located a third away, such as the mediant or submediant.

General Grant's Funeral March (1885)

A memorial funeral march presented by Daniels, Coombe & Co. in Cincinnati, Ohio.

Feast of Saint Patrick (1766, NYC)

Peacetime celebration assisted by a New York fife-and-drum unit.

Royal American Regiment (60th Foot)

Regimental ensemble that delivered a NYC concert of vocal and instrumental music in 1767.

64th Regiment Band (1771)

Military band expanded with French horns and oboes that performed a three-act concert in Boston.

Functional vs. Stylized March

Functional marches assist soldiers on the move; stylized marches represent march forms for concert performance.

The Padstow Lifeboat

A stylized march composed by Malcolm Arnold that was not written for military support.

John Philip Sousa (1854–1932)

American composer known as the "March King" who composed 136 marches.

"Semper Fidelis" (1888)

Famous march composed by John Philip Sousa.

"The Washington Post" (1889)

Famous march composed by John Philip Sousa.

"The Stars and Stripes Forever!" (1896)

Famous march composed by John Philip Sousa.

Stand-Alone Stylized Marches

Independent march compositions intended for concert performance by writers such as Sousa and Arnold.

Seventeenth-Century French Stage Marches

March-like theatrical music used in opera and ballet to support military characters.

Saul (1739)

Oratorio composed by George Frideric Handel containing a famous "Dead March".

"Dead March" from Saul

Funeral march written for fallen Israelites in battle, later used at Winston Churchill's 1965 funeral.

Winston Churchill's Funeral (1965)

State funeral service featuring Handel's 1739 "Dead March" over 225 years after its composition.

U.S. Funerals featuring Handel's "Dead March"

The state funerals of George Washington (1799) and Abraham Lincoln (1865).

Marche funèbre (1837)

A famous stylized concert funeral march for piano written by Fryderyk Chopin.

Orchestration of Chopin's Marche funèbre (1849)

An arrangement created to accompany Chopin's own burial procession in 1849.

John F. Kennedy's Funeral (1963)

State funeral where Chopin's orchestrated funeral march escorted the President's coffin to Arlington National Cemetery.

Queen Elizabeth II's Funeral (2022)

Procession featuring Chopin's orchestrated funeral march.

Hector Berlioz (1803–1869)

French Romantic composer who created the Symphonie fantastique.

Berlioz's Medical Education

Earned a medical degree in June 1824 before abandoning medicine to pursue music.

Paris Conservatoire (1826)

The music conservatory Berlioz enrolled in during the fall of 1826.

Hamlet Production (1827)

A Paris performance by a touring English troupe starring Harriet Smithson, triggering Berlioz's obsession.

Harriet Smithson (1800–1854)

Irish actress who inspired Berlioz's "Beloved" and the idée fixe in Symphonie fantastique.

Beethoven's Symphonies Performance (1828)

Paris performances heard in 1828 that inspired Berlioz to compose a multi-movement programmatic symphony.

Programmatic Music

Instrumental music designed to depict an external story, program, or non-musical concept.

Cyclic Symphony

A multi-movement symphony linked by a recurring melody across multiple movements.

Idée Fixe ("Fixed Idea")

Berlioz's term for the recurring melody symbolizing his unattainable Beloved throughout Symphonie fantastique.

Psychiatric Definition of Idée Fixe

A firmly held, irrational idea or belief that may develop into an obsession.

Symphonie fantastique Program Premise

An Artist ingests opium and hallucinates seeing his Beloved everywhere he turns.

Symphonie fantastique Movement I Title & Idée Fixe

"Dreams—Passions", featuring the idée fixe as an expansive, broadly sweeping theme.

Symphonie fantastique Movement II Title & Idée Fixe

"A Ball", featuring the idée fixe waltzing in triple meter.

Symphonie fantastique Movement III Title & Idée Fixe

"Scene in the Country", opening with woodwinds mimicking Swiss cowherd piping, where the Artist still hears the theme.

Symphonie fantastique Movement IV Program

The Artist dreams he killed his Beloved and is paraded to the guillotine for execution.

Symphonie fantastique Movement V Program

The Artist envisions himself at a witches' Sabbath with a distorted version of the idée fixe.

Symphonie fantastique Premiere

Triumphant debut on December 5, 1830, at the Paris Conservatoire.

Prix de Rome

Prestigious composition award won by Berlioz requiring travel to Italy to continue studying composition.

Berlioz's Broken Engagement (1830)

Incident where Berlioz's 19-year-old fiancée married someone else, causing him to briefly plot a murder before cooling off.

Berlioz and Smithson Marriage (1833)

The couple married in 1833 after Smithson realized she was the Beloved in 1832; they separated after six years.

Origin of "March to the Scaffold"

Originated in 1826 as a "March of the Guards" for an unperformed opera.

Sponge-Headed Mallets

Tools requested by Berlioz for timpanists to muffle drum sounds in "March to the Scaffold".

Opening Instrumentation of "March to the Scaffold"

Three timpani and low strings (cellos and basses) playing pizzicato notes.

Sextuplets in Cut-Time

A rhythmic technique in "March to the Scaffold" dividing each cut-time pulse into six equal parts to blur drum clarity.

Horn Motif in Measure 2 ("March to the Scaffold")

A short-long-short-long rhythm (quarter/half/quarter/half) placed off the beat with an accent.

Arco

Instruction for string players to resume using the bow after playing pizzicato.

Theme 1 Key ("March to the Scaffold")

G minor.

Theme 1 Initial Presentation

Low strings playing arco in monophonic unison, executing a long descending scale that diminuendos.

Bassoon Countermelody (Theme 1)

Countermelody featuring dotted notes added during the second statement of Theme 1.

Melodic Inversion

Reversing the pitch direction of a melody (e.g., an ascending line becomes descending).

Theme 1 Inversion (Statement 5)

Upper strings play an inverted ascending version of Theme 1 while low strings play the original descending theme.

Running Eighth Notes in Bassoons

A busy eighth-note bassoon line added during the fifth statement of Theme 1.

Raucous Orchestra Interruptions

Short, fortissimo full-orchestra interruptions occurring after statements of Theme 1.

Theme 2 Key and Mode ("March to the Scaffold")

B-flat major (the mediant key of G minor).

Theme 2 Atmosphere

Conveys the wild enthusiasm of the watching crowd through forte major mode, ascending lines, and lively winds/brass.

Theme 2 Opening Motif

Uses the short-long-short-long motif originally foreshadowed quietly by horns in the introduction.

Theme 3 Character ("March to the Scaffold")

Short fortissimo calls and forte responses between brass and woodwinds/strings resembling a jeering crowd.

Pianissimo Clarinet Solo

Plays five measures of the idée fixe right before the guillotine drops, representing the Artist's final thoughts.

Guillotine Chop Musical Depiction

An abrupt unison fortissimo quarter note in the full orchestra followed by three quiet string pizzicato notes.

Ending Fanfare ("March to the Scaffold")

Fortissimo drum rolls and celebratory orchestral fanfare symbolizing the cheering crowd.

Timestamp 0:00 (Listening Guide 11)

Timpani piano with sponge mallets in sextuplet rhythms answered by short-long-short-long motif in brass.

Timestamp 0:27 (Listening Guide 11)

Theme 1 enters with low strings playing a 2-octave descending G minor melody in monophonic unison.

Timestamp 1:40 (Listening Guide 11)

Theme 2 arrives in B-flat major (mediant) featuring short-long-short-long motif and snappy dotted notes in winds and brass.

Timestamp 4:24 (Listening Guide 11)

Solo clarinet plays the idée fixe pianissimo.

Timestamp 4:35–4:37 (Listening Guide 11)

Abrupt ff chord (guillotine drop at 4:35), quiet descending pizzicato notes (head fall at 4:36), and ff drum roll/fanfare (cheering crowd at 4:37).

National Safety Council Horseback Injury Ranking

Ranks horseback riding among the top twenty sports for overall injury counts.

Horseback Riding Injuries Count (2023)

Over 40,000 horseback riders suffered injuries in 2023.

Horseback Injury Study Percentages

Studies indicate 81% of riders experience an injury, with 21% suffering a serious injury.

Average Hospitalization for Horseback Injuries

Runs from 5 to 6 days for adult riders.

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) in Adult Sports

Equestrian sports are the most common cause of sports-related TBI in adults in the U.S.

Austin Hospital Livestock Injury Data (2017)

Inexperienced riders accounted for 38% of incidents, while ranchers and cowboys accounted for 43%.

Chin-Strapped Helmets Effect

Dramatically reduces equestrian head injuries and fatalities when mandated by organizations.

Dominick John O'Malley (1867–1943)

Cowboy poet who published accounts of actual ranching occurrences under the name D. J. White.

"To the Memory of Wiley Collins" (1889)

O'Malley's first published poem, written about a chuckwagon cook killed by lightning.

Charlie Rutledge

Texas cowboy working for the X.I.T. outfit who was killed in Montana in 1891 during a spring roundup.

X.I.T. Outfit Montana Lease (1890)

Leased approximately two million acres between the Yellowstone and Missouri Rivers.

Location of Charlie Rutledge's Accident

North of the Yellowstone River during the spring roundup of 1891.

Charlie Rutledge Fatal Accident Cause

Horse stumbled and fell on top of him while he was attempting to cut a steer out of the herd.

Heroic Effort to Save Charlie Rutledge

A fellow cowpuncher galloped sixty miles to Miles City, Montana, to fetch a doctor.

"A Cowboy's Death" Publication

Poem published July 11, 1891, in the Stock Grower's Journal (Miles City, Montana), signed D. J. W.