Parasites and Fungus

Ascardia galli

It is the largest roundworm

PS: small instestine

Heterakis gallinae

It is the cecal worm of chicken

PS: Ceca

Acuraria sp.

It is the gizzard worm

PS: Gizzard

Raillietina spp., Hymonelepis spp.

These are common avian tapeworm

PS: small intestine

Menacanthus stramineus

It is a body louse that is the most common and most destructive to poultry

Gonoicotes gallinae

It is a fluff louse that is the smallest louse in poultry

Menopon gallinae

It is a shaft louse that is found in breast, thigh, and shaft

Lipeurus caponis

It is a wing louse that is found in the underside of wing and tail

Gonoides dissimilis

It is a brown louse that is the smallest louse in poultry

Gonoides gigas

It is a large chicken louse that is the largest lice in poultry

Knemidocoptes mutans

It is the scaly leg mite, which is a relatively common ectoparasite of chickens

It is a sarcoptic burrowing mite that burrows into the cornified epidermis

Often found in legs & feet, occasionally in comb, wattle, neck, beak

Echidnophaga gallinacea

It is the sticktight flea, which is common ins lowland areas with warmer climate and in backyard chickens

They are visible clusters attached to the skin, typically around the eyes, face, comb ang wattles

Adult fleas feed on blood and stay attached to the bird while eggs, and larvae remain in surrounding environment

Eimeria spp.

It is the most major protozoan disease in global and local poultry production

PS: Intestinal tract epithelial cells

E. tenelia

It causes caecal coccidiosis

Pathology is caecal enlargement & distended with clotted blood & caseous cores

E. necatrix

It causes intestinal coccidiosis

Pathology is middle small intestine (jejenum) distention, lumen filed with blood

E. brunetti

It causes rectal coccidiosis

Pathology is haemorrhages in rectum, ceca, and cloaca

Ascaridia galli

It is large roundworms in small intestine that causes ascaridiasis

Direct fecal-oral transmission causing catarrhal or hemorrhagic enteritis

Capillaria contorta

it is hair like worms that causes capillariasis, crop/esophagus thickening

Capillaria obsignata

it is hair like worms that causes capillariasis, bloody diarrhea

Syngamus trachea

It is a gapeworm that inhabits trachea and lungs; causes severe gasping, coughing, respiratory distress, and asphyxia.

Hetarkis gallinarum

It is cecal worms found in ceca; acts as vector for Histomonas meleagridis (Blackhead disesase)

Railletina spp., Davainea proglottina

These are avian tapeworms in the small intestines

Mycotxicosis

This is caused by ingestions of toxins produces by molds, immature chickens and ducklings most susceptible

Alfatoxin

This mycotoxin is highly toxic, carcinogenic; primarily affects the liver, but immune, digestive and haematopoietic functions may be involved.

Fusariotoxicosis

This mycotoxin causes Feed refusal; caustic injury (necrosis & ulceration) of oral mucosa and skin in contact with mould; acute digestive disease;

Ochratoxin

This mycotoxin is nephrotoxic; also affects liver, immune system and bone marrow. Reduced activity, huddling, hypothermia, diarrhea, death.

Ergotism

This mycotoxin causes Nervous system disorders; vasoconstriction and gangrene of extremities; vesicles on comb, wattles, face and eyelids that rupture into crusts

Citrinin

This mycotoxin acts directly on the kidney; diuresis with watery droppings and reduced weight gain; lesions chiefly in the kidney.

Oosporein

This mycotoxin has Visceral and articular gout from impaired renal function and high plasma uric acid; increased water intake, fluid droppings.

Cyclopiazonic acid

This mycotoxin causes dilated proventriculus with thickened mucosa (hyperplasia, ulceration); lesions also in gizzard, liver and spleen.

Candidiasis

This is caused by opportunistic mycotic disease of the digestive tract of various avian species

Crop version of this is most common

Candida albican an example fungal yeast that causes this disease

Aspergillosis

Also known as brooder pneumonia

It is an acute or chronic fungal disease that primarily affects the respiratory system.

Causative agent: Aspergillus fumigatus

Dermatomycosis

It is a chronic fungal disease of the skin with zoonotic potential

Causative agent: Trichophyton megninii.