2 The Brain - Brain stem, Diencephalon, and Cerebrum

What are the 4 components of the brainstem?

Medulla oblangta
Pons
Midbrain
Reticular formation

What is the medulla oblongata continuous with?

Spinal cord

What does the medulla oblongata regulate?

Heart rate
Blood vessel diameter
Breathing

Which reflexes does the medulla oblongata regulate?

Hiccupping
Vomiting
Swallowing
Sneezing
Coughing

HVSS C

What aspect of movement does the medulla oblongata help regulate?

Balance

What are the pyramids of the medulla oblongata involved in?

Conscious control of skeletal muscles

Where is the pons located?

Above the medulla oblongata

What does the pons connect?

The cerebrum and cerebellum

What functions does the pons help regulate?

Breathing
Chewing
Salivation
Swallowing

What role does the pons have between the cerebrum and cerebellum?

It acts as a relay station

Where is the midbrain located?

Above the pons

What movements does the midbrain help coordinate?

Eye movements

What does the midbrain regulate in the eye?

Pupil diameter

What response to sound does the midbrain help control?

Turning the head toward noise

What structures are found in the dorsal part of the midbrain?

Four colliculi

What are the four colliculi involved in?

Visual and auditory reflexes

Where is the reticular formation located?

Scattered throughout the brainstem

What motor functions does the reticular formation regulate?

Cyclical motor function, walking, and chewing.

What functions does the reticular formation help regulate?

Respiration
Arousing
Maintaining consciousness
Sleep-wake cycle

What connects the cerebellum to the brainstem?

Cerebellar peduncles

What does the name “cerebellum” mean?

Little brain

What structures make up the cerebellar cortex?

Gyri, Sulci, Gray matter

What functions does the cerebellum help regulate?

Balance
Muscle tone
Coordination of fine motor

Where is the diencephalon located?

Between the brainstem and cerebrum.

What are the three components of the diencephalon?

Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Epithalamus.

What is the largest portion of the diencephalon?

Thalamus

What are the functions of the thalamus?

Influences moods and detects pain

Where is the epithalamus located?

Above the thalamus.

What does the epithalamus control in response to odors?

Emotional and visceral responses.

Where is the hypothalamus located?

Below the thalamus

What gland does the hypothalamus control?

Pituitary gland

What structure connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?

Infundibulum

What is the main function of the hypothalamus?

Controls homeostasis

What body functions does the hypothalamus regulate?

Body temperature, Thirst, Hunger

What emotions does the hypothalamus regulate?

Fear, Rage, Sexual emotions

What is the largest portion of the brain?

Cerebrum

What are the two divisions of the cerebrum?

Right hemisphere and left hemisphere

What separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres?

Longitudinal fissure

What are the five lobes of the cerebrum?

Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal
Insula

What is considered the fifth lobe of the cerebrum?

Insula

Where is the cerebral cortex located?

On the surface of the cerebrum.

What is the cerebral cortex composed of?

Gray matter

What cognitive functions does the cerebral cortex control?

Thinking
Communicating
Remembering
Understanding

What type of movements does the cerebral cortex initiate?

Involuntary movements

What are the three surface features of the cerebrum?

Gyri, Sulci, Fissures

What are folds on the cerebral cortex that increase surface area?

Gyri

What are shallow indentations on the cerebral cortex?

Sulci

What are deep indentations on the cerebral cortex?

Fissures

Which cerebral hemisphere controls the right side of the body?

Left hemisphere

What is the left hemisphere responsible for?

Math, Analytical skills, Speech

What is the right hemisphere responsible for?

Music, Art, Abstract ideas

Which cerebral hemisphere controls the left side of the body?

Right hemisphere

What connects the two cerebral hemispheres?

Corpus callosum

Where is the occipital lobe located?

Back of the cerebrum

What is the main function of the occipital lobe?

Vision

Where is the temporal lobe located?

Sides of the cerebrum

What functions are associated with the temporal lobe?

Hearing, Smell, Memory

What does the CNS constantly receive?

Sensory input

Are we aware of most sensory input received by the CNS?

No

Why is sensory input important?

It is vital for survival and normal functions.