CLP FORMULAS — KNOWT STUDY GUIDE 1. Where should the 1st emergency warning triangle be placed? → 10 ft to the rear or front. On the test: rear. 2. Where should the 2nd triangle be placed? → Always 100 ft to the rear. 3. Where should the 3rd triangle be placed? → 200 ft to the rear on a one-way/divided highway. → 100 ft to the front on a two-way road. 4. On a curve or hill, how far back can the rear-most triangle be moved? → Up to 500 ft behind. CLP Formulas - Updated 71026.pdf ⸻ 🛑 STOPPING DISTANCE @ 55 MPH 5. What is perception distance at 55 mph? → 142 ft 6. What is reaction distance at 55 mph? → 61 ft 7. What is air-brake lag distance at 55 mph? → 32 ft 8. What is braking distance on dry pavement with good brakes? → 216 ft 9. What is the TOTAL stopping distance at 55 mph? → 451 ft 🧠 Memorize: 142 + 61 + 32 + 216 = 451 ft CLP Formulas - Updated 71026.pdf ⸻ 🚗 FOLLOWING DISTANCE 10. What is the basic following-distance formula under 40 mph? → 1 second for every 10 ft of vehicle length. 11. What happens when traveling over 40 mph? → Add 1 additional second. 12. A 30-ft vehicle traveling over 40 mph needs how much following distance? → 4 seconds. 13. A 40-ft vehicle traveling under 40 mph needs how much? → 4 seconds. 14. A 40-ft vehicle traveling over 40 mph needs how much? → 5 seconds. 15. What is the minimum following distance for a large vehicle? → At least 4 seconds. 16. How much extra following distance should you add at night? → 1 second. 17. What should you do in slick weather? → Allow much more space. CLP Formulas - Updated 71026.pdf ⸻ 🚌 SCHOOL BUS 18. What is the danger zone around a school bus? → 10–15 ft from the sides. 19. Which part of the side danger zone is the most dangerous? → The first 10 ft. 20. How far can the front danger zone extend? → 30 ft. 🪞 MIRRORS 21. What can flat mirrors show? → Down the sides of the bus, back tires touching the ground, and 200 ft behind. 22. What can convex mirrors show? → Down the side up to the mirror mount, in front of the back tires touching the ground, and at least one traffic lane on either side. 23. What are crossover/cross-view mirrors used for? → They are the danger-zone mirrors. 24. What can crossover/cross-view mirrors see? → Directly in front of the bus, front tires touching the ground, and the service door. CLP Formulas - Updated 71026.pdf ⸻ 🚂 RAILROAD CROSSING 25. When should you turn on your 4-way/hazard lights? → 200 ft before the railroad crossing. 26. How far from the tracks should you stop? → No closer than 15 ft and no farther than 50 ft. 27. What should you do after stopping? → Secure the bus: parking brake ON + shift into neutral. 28. What should you open? → Service door and driver’s window. 29. What should you silence? → Passengers and noise makers: radio, heat, AC, fans. 30. What should you do before crossing? → Look and listen for a train. 31. If you see or hear a train, what do you do? → Stop and wait. 32. If there is no train, what must you check? → Containment — make sure there is enough space for the bus on the other side. 33. Once you have proper containment and no train is present, what do you do? → Go. Don’t stop and don’t back up while crossing. CLP Formulas - Updated 71026.pdf ⸻ 🛑 SNUB vs. STAB BRAKING 34. What is snub braking used for? → Maintaining a safe speed on downgrades. 35. What is stab braking used for? → Emergency braking. 36. How does stab braking work? → Press the service brakes hard until the wheels lock → release the brakes → repeat once the wheels start rolling again. 37. Can you use stab braking on a vehicle equipped with ABS? → NO. 38. What does ABS stand for? → Anti-lock Brakes. 39. What does ABS do? → Helps prevent the wheels from locking during hard braking. CLP Formulas - Updated 71026.pdf ⸻ 🅿️ AIR BRAKES Brake Chamber 40. What are the two main types of brakes located within the brake chamber? → Service Brakes → Spring Brakes 41. When are service brakes tested? → While slowly moving at 5 mph. 42. What are spring brakes? → Actual mechanical springs. 43. What is Job #1 for spring brakes? → Parking brake — manually pulled. 44. What is Job #2 for spring brakes? → Emergency brake — comes on automatically when air pressure is lost. CLP Formulas - Updated 71026.pdf ⸻ 💨 AIR BRAKE TEST Starting Setup 45. What should the gauges read initially? → 125 PSI — full tanks. 46. What should you watch? → Both gauges. 47. What should you do with the parking brake? → Release it. Leak Tests 48. What is the maximum static brake leak? → 2 PSI in 1 minute. 49. What is the maximum dynamic/applied brake leak? → 3 PSI in 1 minute. 50. What happens during the static leak check? → All brakes are OFF and the system settles. 51. What happens during the dynamic/applied leak check? → Depress the service brake. CLP Formulas - ⸻ 🔥 PRESSURE NUMBERS TO MEMORIZE

Emergency brake check PSI

20–45 PSI - Emergency brake pops out.

Low-air warning light PSI

60 PSI - Low-air warning light + buzzer.

Compressor fill time

It should fill within 45 seconds at 85–100 PSI.

Governor cut-in PSI

100 PSI - It indicates that the governor has cut in.

Governor cut-out PSI

125 PSI - Fully charged system.

Safety relief valve PSI

150 PSI - Activates the safety relief valve.

High-priority triangles

10 – 100 – 200/100 – 500 represents critical numbers.

Stopping distance sum

142 – 61 – 32 – 216 = 451 feet.

Following distance formula

1 second for every 10 feet plus 1 second for speeds over 40 MPH.

Distance for railroad warning lights

200 feet prior to the railroad.

Railroad stopping distance

15–50 feet required to stop at a railroad.

Air-brake leak test performance

2 PSI drop in 1 minute and 3 PSI drop for a 2 minute test.

Low-air warning PSI

Triggers at 60 PSI.

Cut-in PSI

Occurs at 100 PSI.

Cut-out PSI

Occurs at 125 PSI.

Safety relief valve function

Activates at 150 PSI.