Nationalism and Economic Development (1816-1848)

Comprehensive review flashcards covering political, legal, economic, and foreign policy developments during the Era of Good Feelings and the Market Revolution (1816-1848).

Why was the period of James Monroe's presidency nicknamed the "Era of Good Feelings"?

A newspaper editorial coined the phrase because Monroe's two terms were perceived to be marked by a spirit of nationalism, optimism, and goodwill, with the Democratic-Republicans dominating politics after the Federalists faded into oblivion.

What major issues and debates contradicted the perception of political harmony during the "Era of Good Feelings"?

Heated debates occurred over tariffs, the national bank, internal improvements, and public land sales, accompanied by growing sectionalist tensions over slavery and factional splits within the Democratic-Republican party.

What were the electoral vote results in James Monroe's presidential elections of 1816 and 1820?

In 1816, Monroe defeated Federalist Rufus King by $183$ electoral votes to $34$, and in 1820, Monroe received every electoral vote except one.

How was cultural nationalism manifested in American art and literature during the post-War of 1812 period?

Patriotic themes were depicted in Revolutionary War paintings by Gilbert Stuart, Charles Willson Peale, and John Trumbull; celebrated in Parson Mason Weems's fictionalized biography of George Washington; and taught in Noah Webster's blue-backed speller.

What was the purpose and historical distinction of the Tariff of 1816?

It was the first protective tariff in U.S. history, enacted by Congress specifically to protect budding American manufacturers from British goods being dumped on American markets following the War of 1812.

What were the three interconnected components of Henry Clay's American System?

Clay's plan consisted of: (1) protective tariffs to promote manufacturing and raise revenue, (2) a national bank to provide a national currency, and (3) federally funded internal improvements (roads and canals) to link national transportation.

Why did Presidents James Madison and James Monroe oppose federal funding for internal improvements?

They objected that the U.S. Constitution did not explicitly authorize spending federal money on road-building and canal-building projects, prompting Monroe to veto internal improvement acts passed by Congress.

What caused the Panic of 1819, and what were its primary political effects in the West?

It was caused largely by the Second Bank of the United States tightening credit to control inflation; westerners suffered foreclosures on farmland, leading them to demand land reform and oppose the national bank and debtors' prisons.

How did Daniel Webster and John C. Calhoun reverse their political stances between 1812 and 1828?

Daniel Webster opposed the tariffs of 1816 and 1824 before supporting higher rates in 1828, while John C. Calhoun shifted from an outspoken war hawk and nationalist in 1812 to a leading champion of states' rights after 1828.

What precedent was established in the Supreme Court case Fletcher v. Peck (1810)?

In a case involving Georgia land fraud, Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that a state could not pass legislation invalidating a contract, marking the first time the Supreme Court declared a state law unconstitutional and invalid.

What did the Supreme Court decide in Martin v. Hunter's Lease (1816)?

The Supreme Court established that it had jurisdiction over state courts in cases involving constitutional rights.

What was the constitutional significance of Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)?

The Marshall Court struck down a New Hampshire law attempting to make Dartmouth College a public institution, ruling that a contract for a private corporation could not be altered by a state.

What two constitutional doctrines were established in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)?

Marshall established that the federal government possessed implied powers under a loose interpretation of the Constitution to create a national bank, and that a state could not tax a federal institution because "the power to tax is the power to destroy."

What principle was reinforced in the Supreme Court case Cohens v. Virginia (1821)?

While upholding the conviction of the Cohens brothers for illegally selling lottery tickets, the Court established that the Supreme Court could review state court decisions involving any powers of the federal government.

What ruling did the Marshall Court deliver in Gibbons v. Ogden (1821)?

The Court ruled a New York state-granted steamboat monopoly unconstitutional, firmly establishing the federal government's broad control over interstate commerce.

What primary factors spurred rapid westward settlement during the Madison and Monroe presidencies?

Settlement was stimulated by the acquisition of American Indian lands after military victories, northeastern economic distress from the embargo and war, southern soil exhaustion from tobacco farming, improved transportation, and European immigrants attracted to cheap land.

What did the Tallmadge Amendment propose regarding Missouri's admission as a state?

Proposed by Representative James Tallmadge, it called for prohibiting the further introduction of slaves into Missouri and requiring children of Missouri slaves to be emancipated at the age of $25$.

What were the three components of Henry Clay's Missouri Compromise (1820)?

(1) Admit Missouri as a slave-holding state, (2) admit Maine as a free state, and (3) prohibit slavery in the remainder of the Louisiana Territory north of latitude $36^\circ 30'$.

What terms were established by the Rush-Bagot Agreement of 1817?

British and American negotiators agreed to strictly limit naval armament on the Great Lakes, an agreement that eventually extended to border fortifications, creating the world's longest unfortified border.

What three provisions were established by the Treaty of 1818 between the United States and Great Britain?

The treaty provided for shared fishing rights off Newfoundland, joint occupation of the Oregon Territory for $10$ years, and the establishment of the western boundary line along the $49\text{th}$ parallel from the Louisiana Territory.

What actions did General Andrew Jackson take during his 1818 military campaign in Spanish Florida?

Jackson led militia into Florida, destroyed Seminole villages, hanged two Seminole chiefs, captured Pensacola, drove out the Spanish governor, and executed two British traders accused of aiding the Seminoles.

What were the terms of the Florida Purchase Treaty (Adams-Onís Treaty) of 1819?

Spain ceded all of Florida and its claims in Oregon to the United States; in exchange, the United States assumed $5\text{ million}$ in claims against Spain and renounced territorial claims to Texas.

Why did Secretary of State John Quincy Adams reject British Foreign Secretary George Canning's proposal for a joint declaration regarding Latin America?

Adams believed joint action would restrict future U.S. territorial expansion, reasoned that Britain's navy would deter aggression anyway, and wanted the United States to act independently without appearing as a junior partner.

What core foreign policy declaration was established by the Monroe Doctrine in 1823?

Monroe declared that the American continents were no longer open to future colonization by European powers and that the United States opposed any European interference in the affairs of republics in the Western Hemisphere.

What were the historical significance and routes of the National (Cumberland) Road and the Erie Canal?

The National Road was a paved highway extending more than a thousand miles from Maryland to Illinois, while the Erie Canal (completed 1825 in New York) linked western farms with eastern cities, lowering food costs and triggering a canal-building boom.

What two critical industrial contributions were made by Eli Whitney?

Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin in 1793 and devised a system for manufacturing rifles with interchangeable parts during the War of 1812, creating the basis for modern mass production.

How did Samuel Slater contribute to early American industrialization?

Slater emigrated from Britain carrying memorized plans for cotton-spinning machines and helped establish the first successful U.S. factory in 1791.

How did the Lowell System operate to resolve the industrial labor shortage in New England textile mills?

The mills recruited young farm women, housed them in company dormitories, and maintained strict moral supervision, creating a system that was widely imitated in the 1830s.

What primary obstacles limited the success of early American trade unions seeking a 10-hour workday?

Unions faced: (1) immigrant replacement workers, (2) state laws outlawing union organizations, and (3) frequent economic depressions resulting in high unemployment.

How did the Market Revolution affect the social and economic roles of women in American society?

Urban working women were largely restricted to domestic service or teaching, generally left employment upon marriage to manage the home, and gained more personal autonomy over marriage partners and family size.