Bio Unit Exam 1 and 2

Quiz 1, 2, and 3 and notes

4 Kingdoms in Eukarya

1. Animalia

2. Plantae

3. Fungi

4. Protista

3 Domains of Life

Bacteria and Archaea ← Prokaryotic

Eukarya ← Eukaryotic, Unicellular/Multicellular, Microscopic

Characteristics of Life

All living things:

1. Have structure, order

2. process energy → convert to different forms

3. Grow and Mature

4. React to stimuli

5. Reproduce

6. Maintain homeostasis (Stable internal condition)

7. Adapt, evolve over time

Eukaryotic Cells

1. Have Nucleus 2. Larger 3. Multicellular/Unicellular 4. More Complex

DNA

Stores genetic information within living organisms and cells

3 Domains of Life

Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya

Which of the following is true for helium?

Mass number = 4; atomic number = 2; charge = 0 (neutral)

Which part of the atom determines how the atom behaves chemically and its reactivity?

Electrons in the valence shell.

The atomic number of neon is 10. Therefore, which of the following is correct about an atom of neon?

It has 8 electrons in its outermost electron shell

Nitrogen-14 and nitrogen-15 are isotopes found naturally on Earth. Nitrogen-14 has a mass number of 14. Nitrogen-15 has a mass number of 15.

Based on this information, one can conclude that nitrogen-15 has more neutrons than nitrogen-14?

More neutrons

The atomic number of oxygen is 8. Based on its electron distribution, an atom of lithium will have a total of [ Select ] [2, 6 ] electron(s) in its valence shell. It will also have [ Select ] [2, 6] unpaired electron(s) in its valence shell.

6, 2

Molecule

Grouping of two atoms bonded together or more

Compound

Grouping of greater than or equal to 2 atoms bonded together and greater than or equal to 2 different elements.

Intramolecular

bonds between atoms that make up one molecule compound

Intermolecular

bonds/interactions between two different molecules/compounds

Covalent Bond

Sharing of electrons ( e-) between atoms

1. STRONGEST chemical bond ( in biology)

# of covalent bonds possible = # of unpaired electrons

1 line = 1 pair e- 2 line = 2 pair e- 3 line = 3 pairs e

Non-polar covalent bonds

1. Atoms have similar / sameEN

2. Electrons share equally

3. EN difference < 0.5

(SUBTRACT element EN and see if the sum is less than 0.5)

NO CHARGE ON ATOMS

Polar covalent bonds

1. Atoms have different EN

2. Electrons shared unequally

3. EN difference >_ 0.5 (and <1.7)

ATOMS have PARTIAL CHARGE

Higher EN = ( - ) Partial Charge NEGATIVE

Lower EN = ( + ) Partial Charge POSITIVE

If one atom is more electronegative than the other atom in a covalent bond, then there is unequal sharing of electrons and the electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom’s nucleus.

What is the chemical bond that is formed by this unequal sharing of electrons?

Polar covalent bond

Electronegativity

Atoms tendency to attract electrons towards itself

Molecular Polarity

1. Polar or non-polar covalent bonds

2. Geometry or Symmetry

Polar Molecule / Compound must have:

1. Polar covelant bonds.

2. Asymmetrical Geometry on all sides

Ionic Bonds (Intramolecular) bond between 2 compounds

Attraction between oppositely charged ions

• atoms give/take electrons → ions

• WEAK BOND

2 types of Ions

1. Cation ( + ) POSITIVE

2. Arion ( - ) NEGATIVE

Atom can become Cation if it loses an electron

What bond is the question Mark?

Hydrogen Bond

Hydrogen Bond - Intermolecular

WEAK Attraction between PARTIAL + hydrogen ( of one molecule) and electronegative atom ( of a different molecule)

Based On → PARTIAL CHARGE of DIFF MOLECULE

Van der Walls Interaction

Based on TEMPORARY PARTIAL charges on DIFFERENT molecules

• WEAK ATTRACTION

between NONPOLAR MOLECULes

because of TEMP or UNEQUAL Electron Distribution and partial charge changing

• MOST common interaction between non polar molecule

TEMP UNEQUAL ELECTRON DISTRIBUTION

Water is essential to Life. Which of the following is NOT a property of water

Water is a non polar molecule

Why is ice (solid water) less dense than liquid water?

When water freezes, the water molecules move farther apart from each other to form more stable hydrogen bonds to become solid.

Given the information below, determine if ammonia (NH₃) is a polar or nonpolar molecule.

1. Ammonia (NH₃) has asymmetrical geometry.

2. Electronegativity of nitrogen is 3.0. Electronegativity of hydrogen is 2.1.

Ammonia is a polar molecule

emergent properties

When smaller combine → form larger/complex things

Base (Basic, Alkaline) 7 - 14 pH

Hydrogen Ion acceptor

• Absorbs / Binds to H+ in Solution

[ H+ ] DECREASES

[Hydroxide OH-] INCREASES

pH INCREASES

[OH - > [H+]

Acid

H+ Donor

(Gives away / add hydrogen ions to solution)

[H+] Increases

[OH-] Decreases

pH DECREASES

[H+] > [OH-]

Cohesion and Adhesion

Cohesion → 1 group United (water molecules STICK to OTHER WATER MOLECULES)

Adhesion → water molecules STICK to OTHER MOLECULES

1. Polar Molecules, surfaces interact with water → become wet

Solute

Substance that is being dissolved

Solvent

the dissolving agent of a solution

Solution

Liquid that is completely homogenous mixture of substances (Solute and Solvent)

Molarity

Unit of Concentration

Hydrophobic

Avoid Water

1. NON POLAR SUBSTANCE → ______

If the hydrogen ion (H⁺) concentration of a solution is 1 x 10^-12 M, then what is the pH of this solution?

Asking for pH ( 0 - 14 )

pH = - log [ 1 × 10 > -12 M]

pH = - ( -12)

pH = 12

If the solution has a H⁺ concentration of 1 x 10^-4 M, then the OH^- concentration is __ and the pH is 10 _ .

[H +] x [OH -] = 1 × 10>-14 M

We know H+, input it in

1 × 10> -4 M x. [OH -]. = 1 × 10 >-14 M

Subtract the Exponents

-14 - (-4) = -10

1 × 10 >-10 M

After finding [OH -] find the pH

pH = -log [1 × 10 >-10 M]

ph = -( - 10)

ph = 10

Carbon

1. Foundation of organic molecules

2. Backbone of biologically relevant molecules/compounds. → Carbon is teravalent (form up to 4 bonds with diff. atoms) Caternation → Carbon bond to itself in long series ( chains and rings

Organic

Must have Carbon and Hydrogen. (Can have other elements)

Which statement correctly describes organic compounds?

Organic compounds must be made up of carbon and hydrogen and may have other elements.

Inorganic

Contains no hydrogen and no carbon. Must have both H + C to be organic.

Carbon is tetravalent

Can form up to 4 bonds with different atoms. ( 4 valence elections)

Catenation

Carbon can bond to itself in long series (chains and rings)

Hydrocarbon (Simplest Organic Compound)

1. ONLY made of Carbon and Hydrogen (C + H)

2. Simplest

3. Non-polar / Hydrophobic

Isomers

Same chemical formula BUT diff. arrangement of atoms (different SHAPE)

Macromolecules

Large complex molecules formed from smaller molecules joined together

• Multiple small molecules form to make large molecule

Macromolecules contain

functional groups

Functional Groups

Hydroxyl Group (H and O)

• O- H or OH

Carbonyl Group (C and O)

O=C (Ketone

H - C = O (Aldehyde)

Carboxyl Group (Carbonyl + Hydroxyl)

OH - C = OH

Amino (Fats)

H - N - H or R - NH2

Sulfhydral

S - H or. SH

Methyl

H - C - H

H

R - CH3

Phosphae

H

O - P - O

O

R - OPO23

Hydroxyl Group

1. Made up of Hydrogen and Oxygen

(R is the rest of the molecule)

R - O - H

R - OH

HO = OH (Still the same)

• Polar

• Hydrophillic

Carbonyl Group

Made up of Carbon and Oxygen

O

II Ketone ( C = O )

R - C - R

R - C = O

I Aldehyde ( H - C = O )

H

• Polar

• Hydrophillic

Carboxyl Group

Made up of Carbonyl and Hydroxyl

R - C = O

I ( R - COOH )

OH

• Polar

• Hydrophilic

Acidic ( Donates Hydrogen ions (H+)

Amino

• Made up of 1 Nitrogen and 2 hydrogen

R - N - H

I R - NH2

H

• Polar

• Hydrophilic

Basic / BASE ( Takes away Hydrogen Ions )

Sulfhydral

Group made of Sulfide and Hydrogen

R - S - H

R - SH

• Polar

• Hydrophililc

Methyl

Group made of 1 Carbon and 3 Hydrogen

H

I

R - C - H R - CH3

I

H

• Non-polar (UNIQUE)

• Hydrophobic

Phosphate

Group made up of Oxygen with negative partial charges, Phosphate, and Hydrogen.

H

I

R - O - P - O(-) R - OPO2 3

I

O(-)

• Polar

• Hydrophilic

• Negatively Charged

What function group is shown in this image below?

Sulfhydryl group

Antibiotics are commonly used in medicine to treat bacterial infections. One common antibiotic is amoxicillin (similar to penicillin). The (short-hand) chemical structure of amoxicillin is shown below. 

Which functional group is NOT present in amoxicillin?

Sulfhydryl group

Polymer

Group / Chain of linked monomers

→ O - O - O - O - O - O

Monomer

Small molecule, Building blocks for larger complex molecules called polymers.

→ O

O - O - O - O - O

Lipids are…

Not Polymers

How are Polymers Formed?

Dehydration Synthesis → “remove” + “hydrate” (Remove Water)

1. Put monomers together to make polymers

2. Make new bond

O - O - O - ( H HO) - O ( H2O Removed)

O - O - O - O ( New Covalent Bond)

How are Polymers broken down?

Hydrolysis ( Hydro → water + lysis → splitting)

1. Breaking apart monomers

2. Break bonds

(Opposite of Dehydration Synthesis)

1. O - O - O - O

2. O - O -O - H HO - O (Bond Broken)

Carbohydrates

( “carbon” + “hydrates” “contain water” )

• Macros made of C, H, O (Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen)

Function

1. Energy source

2. Short - term energy storage

3. Structural Support

Monomer → Monosaccharide (“mono” one + saccharide “sugar”)

One Sugar

Polymer → Polysaccharides (“poly” many + saccharide “sugar”)

Many Sugar

What are the functions of Carbonhydrates

Function

1. Energy source

2. Short - term energy storage

3. Structural Support

What is the monomer and polymer of Carbonhydrates?

Monomer → Monosaccharides Polymers → Polysaccharides

Carbohydrate Simple Sugars

Simple Sugar - C n H2 nOn.

Ex: C n H 2 O n *5 = C5 H10 O5

Ex: C n H 2 O n. *6 = C6 H10 O5

Aldose = Aldehyde (Carbonyl Group) | C5 H10 O5 → Pentose: 5 - Carbon Sugar

Ketose = Ketone (carbonyl group) | C6 H12 O6 → Hexose: 6 - Carbon Sugar

Simple Sugar Pentose → 5 CARBON

Simple Sugar Hexose → 6 CARBON

What is the Simple Sugar Format?

C n H 2 O n

Pentose

Aldose = Aldehyde (Carbonyl Group) | C5 H10 O5

Which statement is false about the monosaccharide (carbohydrate) below?

This monosaccharide is a ketose sugar.

Hexose

Ketose = Ketone (carbonyl group) | C6 H12 O6

How are monosaccharides joined?

Joined by Glycosidic Linkage

Glycosidic Linkage

• Covalent Bond between two monosaccharides formed by dehydration synthesis

O - O - O - ( H HO) - O ( H2O Removed, 2 Hydrogen and 1 oxygen removed)

O - O - O - O ( New Covalent Bond)

Disaccharide monomer count

2 monomers

Oligosaccharide monomer count

3 - 10 monomers

• Are carbohydrates made of several monosaccharides

What type of carbohydrate is shown in the image below?

Oligosaccharide

Polysaccharide monomer count

10 or more monomers

Polysaccharide Functions

Short - term energy storage

1. Starch → Plants

2. Glycogen → Animals

Structural Support

1. Cellulose → Plants (Cell Wall)

2. Chitin → Some animals and Fungi (cell walls)

Starch and glycogen, which are both polysaccharides, differ in that starch is used for _______ whereas glycogen is used for ________ .

energy storage in plants

energy storage in animals

Lipids

Lipids (fats)

1. Hydrophobic macromolecules (hate water)

2. NOT Polymers

3. Mostly C + H (Carbon + Hydrogen). ( C-C , C-H) ← Non-polar Covalent Bonds

Carboxyl → Acidic → Fatty (Acid) Carboxyl put the acid in fatty acid

NO Monomers and Polymers

Building Blocks: Fatty Acid, Glycerol

Complex Lipids: Triglycerides and Phospholipids

Lipid Functions

1. Long - term Energy Storage

2. Insulation / Cushoning

Insulation → Fat keeps in heat

Cushioning - Fat adds cushion to butt (ass)

3. Signaling (as hormones)

Triglycerides

1. Most common type of fat

2. (Tri “three” + glyceride “contains glycerol”)

3 fatty acids joined to 1 glycerol molecule via glycosidic linkage

Saturated Fats

1. No double bonds ( C = C ) in chain

2. Max # of hydrogen

3. Linear Shape → they pack well together (lots of van der waals)

Solid at room temp

Unsaturated Fats

1. At least one double bond ( C = C ) in chain

2. Not max # of hydrogen

3. Bent / Kinked shape -> they DO NOT Pack well together (not many van der walls)

Hydrogenation

Adding hydrogens to an unsaturated fat to create saturated fats (eliminate double bonds)

You look at the label on a container of shortening and see the words “hydrogenated vegetable oil.” This means that during processing, the number of carbon–carbon double bonds in the oil was decreased. What is the result of decreasing the number of double bonds?

The oil is more likely to become solid at room temperature after this processing.

Trans - fats

Isomer (Double bonded)

Unsaturated = Cis (Hydrogen atoms same side)

H - C = C - H

I I

H. H

Trans = Hydrogen atoms on different sides

C - C = C - H

I I

H C

Phospholipid

Phospholipid = Phosphate Group

O

II

R - O - P - O(-)

I

O(-)

What is the function of the lipid molecule shown below?

Form membrane bilayers when a group of these molecules are together.

Lipids are an interesting group of macromolecules. Lipids are generally nonpolar and [ Select ] ["hydrophilic", "hydrophobic"] macromolecules that do not form polymers.

One major type of lipid is called the triglycerides, which are structurally characterized as one [ Select ] ["glycerol", "steroid", "fatty acid", "hydrocarbon"] molecule bonded to three [ Select ] ["hydrocarbon", "steroid", "glycerol", "fatty acid"] molecules. Triglycerides serve a variety of roles within living organisms such as storing energy (for long-term use).

hydrophobic, glycerol, fatty acids

Amphipathic

Have hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts

• Love and hate water

Steroids

1. Signaling molecules (hormones)

2. 4 fused ring chemical structure

What are compounds that have the same numbers of atoms (of the same elements) but different structures and arrangements of those atoms?

Isomers

Which statement(s) correctly describe why carbon is the "backbone" of organic compounds?

 

(Note: this is a "multiple answers" type of question in which you must select all correct answers for full credit. Selection of incorrect answer choices will result in penalties and loss of partial credit.)

Carbon is tetravalent and has four unpaired valence electrons

Carbon atoms can bond together in series to form long linked chains, rings, and branched structures.

Which of the following statements about amino groups is true?

They can act as bases