Global EI - U2

Old regime - FRENCH REVOLUTION

The political and social system in France before the French Revolution.

Estate

One of the three social classes in France: clergy, nobility, and commoners.

Faction

A group within a larger group that has different goals or beliefs.

Feudalism

A system in which nobles held land and peasants owed them labor or payments.

Louis XVI

King of France during the French Revolution.

Marie Antoinette

Queen of France during the French Revolution.

Estates general

An assembly representing the three estates of France.

Bastille

A prison and fortress in Paris attacked by revolutionaries on July 14, 1789.

National assembly

A revolutionary assembly formed mainly by representatives of the Third Estate.

Tennis court oath

A promise by members of the National Assembly to create a constitution.

Great Fear

A period of panic and peasant uprisings in rural France in 1789.

Legislative assembly

The French legislature established under the Constitution of 1791.

Constitutional

Related to a constitution that establishes and limits government powers.

Emigre

A person who leaves their country, often for political reasons.

Sans-culotte

A working-class radical who supported the French Revolution.

Jacobin

A member of a radical political club during the French Revolution.

Guillotine

A device used for executions during the French Revolution.

Maximilien Robespierre

A revolutionary leader associated with the Reign of Terror.

Reign of terror

A period from 1793 to 1794 when revolutionary leaders executed thousands of perceived enemies.

Napoleon

A French military leader who seized power in 1799 and later became emperor.

Insurrection

An organized uprising against an established government.

Natural right

A right believed to belong to all people by nature, rather than being granted by government.

Plantation - HAITIAN REVOLUTION

A large farm that produces crops for sale, historically often using enslaved labor.

Representative government

A government in which people elect representatives to make decisions.

Revolution

A major and often rapid change in a country's government or social system.

Soverignty

The authority of a state to govern itself.

Saint-Domingue

The French colony that became the independent nation of Haiti after the Haitian Revolution.

Toussaint Louverture

A leader of the Haitian Revolution who helped organize the fight against slavery and French rule.

Jean-jaques dessalines

A leader who helped defeat French forces and declare Haiti independent in 1804.

Gens de couleur

Free people of color in colonial Saint-Domingue, many of whom faced racial discrimination.

Gran blancs

Wealthy white landowners and merchants in Saint-Domingue.

Petite blancs

Less wealthy white colonists in Saint-Domingue.

Plantation economy

An economic system based on large farms growing cash crops, often using enslaved labor.

Colonialism

The control of one territory or people by another country.

Mulatto

A historical term for a person of mixed African and European ancestry.

Abolition

The act of ending a practice, especially slavery.

Creoles

In Spanish America, people of European ancestry born in the Americas.

Peninsulares

People of Spanish ancestry born in Spain who held important positions in colonial Spanish America.

Mestizos

People of mixed Indigenous American and European ancestry.

Simon Bolivar

A revolutionary leader who helped liberate several South American territories from Spanish rule.

Miguel Hidalgo

A Mexican priest who helped launch Mexico's independence movement in 1810.

Grito de dolores

Hidalgo's call for rebellion against Spanish rule in 1810.

Caudillos

Powerful military or political leaders, often ruling through personal authority.

Viceroyalty

A territory ruled by a viceroy representing a monarch.

Liberation

The process of gaining freedom from oppression or foreign control.

Haciendas

Large estates in Latin America used for agriculture and livestock.

Constitution - GOVERNMENT, SOCIETY

A document or set of fundamental laws that establishes a government's structure and powers.

Limited government

A system in which government power is restricted by laws or a constitution.

Social Hierarchy

The ranking of people into social groups based on wealth, status, ancestry, or power.

Citizen

A legally recognized member of a country who has rights and responsibilities.

Conservative

Someone who generally favors preserving established traditions and institutions.

Liberal

Someone who generally supports individual rights, civil liberties, and limits on government power.

Ethnic nationalism

Nationalism based on shared ancestry, ethnicity, language, or culture.

Independance

Freedom from the political control of another country.

Nation-state

A state whose political boundaries largely correspond to a national community.

Nationalism

Strong identification with and loyalty to a nation, often combined with a desire for self-rule.

Popular soveringty

The principle that government authority comes from the people.

Radical revolution

A revolution that seeks fundamental and far-reaching changes to society and government.

Reperations

Payments or other compensation demanded for harm or losses caused by another party.

Blood and iron

Otto von Bismarck's policy of achieving German unification through military strength and practical politics.

Camillo de cavour - NATIONALISM & UNIFICATION

The prime minister of Piedmont-Sardinia who helped lead Italian unification through diplomacy and war.

Congress of vienna

The 1814-1815 meeting where European leaders reorganized Europe after Napoleon's defeat.

German confederation

An association of German-speaking states established after Napoleon's defeat in 1815.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

An Italian revolutionary and military leader who helped unify Italy.

Giueseppe Mazzini

An Italian nationalist who promoted a united and independent Italy.

King Wilhelm I

The king of Prussia who became the first German emperor after unification in 1871.

Napoleonic Wars

A series of wars involving Napoleon's France and other European powers from 1803 to 1815.

nationalist

A person who strongly supports their nation's unity, independence, or interests.

Otto Von Bismarck

The Prussian statesman who led German unification through diplomacy and military victories.

realpolitik

A practical approach to politics that prioritizes power and achievable goals over ideology.

Young Italy

A nationalist movement founded by Giuseppe Mazzini to promote a united, independent Italian republic.

Militarism

The belief that military strength and preparedness are important to a nation's power.

Can promote national unity but also increase tensions and warfare.

Confederation

Confederation

A union of states that retain considerable independence while cooperating under a central organization.

diplomat

A person who represents a government and negotiates with other countries.