Unit 4 Quiz 1

Levels of Processing Theory

The idea that memory is stronger when information is processed more deeply, based on its meaning rather than just its appearance or sound.

Shallow Processing

Encoding information based on surface features, such as appearance, spelling, or sound; usually produces weaker memories.

Deep Processing

Encoding information based on its meaning and connections to existing knowledge; usually produces stronger, longer-lasting memories.

Memory

The ability to encode, store, and retrieve information.

Encoding

The process of getting information into memory.

Storage

The process of retaining information in memory over time.

Retrieval

The process of bringing stored information back into conscious awareness.

Central Executive

The part of working memory that directs attention, coordinates mental tasks, and manages information from different systems.

Parallel Processing

The brain’s ability to process multiple aspects of information at the same time.

Sensory Memory

A very brief storage system that holds incoming sensory information for a fraction of a second or a few seconds.

Phonological Loop

The working-memory system that temporarily stores and rehearses verbal and auditory information.

Visuospatial Sketchpad

The working-memory system that temporarily stores and manipulates visual and spatial information.

Short-Term Memory

A limited-capacity memory system that briefly holds information for immediate use, usually for about 15–30 seconds without rehearsal.

Long-Term Memory

The relatively permanent and potentially unlimited storage of information, skills, and experiences.

Working Memory

A short-term memory system used to temporarily hold and actively manipulate information while completing a task.

Explicit Memory

Conscious, intentional recollection of facts, information, and personal experiences; also called declarative memory.

Effortful Processing

Encoding that requires conscious attention and deliberate effort.

Maintenance Rehearsal

Repeating information over and over to keep it active in short-term memory.

Elaborative Rehearsal

Encoding information by connecting it to its meaning, existing knowledge, or personal examples.

Automatic Processing

Encoding information without conscious effort or awareness, often involving details such as time, space, frequency, or well-learned skills.

Implicit Memory

Unconscious memory of skills, habits, and learned behaviors that influence behavior without deliberate recollection.

Iconic Memory

Brief sensory memory for visual information, lasting for about a fraction of a second.

Echoic Memory

Brief sensory memory for auditory information, lasting for a few seconds.

Chunking

Organizing information into meaningful groups to make it easier to remember.

Mnemonics

Memory aids or strategies that help organize and recall information.

Spacing Effect

The tendency for information to be remembered better when studying is distributed across multiple sessions instead of crammed into one session.

Testing Effect

The finding that actively recalling information through practice tests strengthens long-term memory more than simply rereading or restudying.