Ch 4 - Classical Conditioning

Classical conditioning involves learning:

that a stimulus predicts a certain event

Something that naturally elicits a reflexive response is called a(n):

unconditioned stimulus

With repeated administration of a drug, an organism will require larger and larger doses of the drug in order to achieve the same effect. This is known as:

tolerance

When a previously acquired association is diminished through repeated presentation of the CS in the absence of the US, it is known as:

extinction

The simultaneous conditioning of two cues, usually presented at the same time, is referred to as _____

compound conditioning

When a more salient cue within a compound acquires more of the share of the attention and learning than the less salient cue, it is known as:

overshadowing

The difference between whether an animal expects the US and whether the US actually occurs is known as:

a prediction error

A reduction in learning about a CS to which there has been prior exposure without any US is called:

latent inhibition

Regarding CS modulation theories versus US modulation theories, it seems to be that _____ is/are correct.

both theories

The _____ has/have different subregions for each kind of sensory stimulation.

pontine nuclei

Juan's dog salivates when Juan goes to the cupboard to get a dog biscuit. What is the unconditioned stimulus?

dog biscuit

If someone blows a puff of air into one's eyes, the person automatically blinks. In this example, the puff of air is a(n):

unconditioned stimulus

Which is an example of appetitive conditioning?

associating a person’s perfume with sex

According to the phenomenon of conditioned compensatory response, drug addicts develop a tolerance to their drug because:

environmental cues elicit CRs that counteract the effect of the drug.

In order to get Pavlov's dog to experience extinction, one would:

play the tone repeatedly without any food.

The spontaneous recovery of a CR suggests that:

the CR is not gone after extinction.

If a tone is paired with a shock, a rat can learn that the tone predicts the shock. If a tone and a light are then paired with a shock, the rat gives a:

CR only to the tone

Suppose one conditions a rabbit to give an eyeblink response to a tone. If one then presents both a tone and a light together followed by a puff of air to the eyes, the rabbit will not blink in response to the light. This demonstrates:

blocking

According to the idea of latent inhibition, pre-exposing a rat to a light by itself will make it:

harder for the rat to learn to associate the light with food

According to CS modulation theories such as that of Mackintosh, latent inhibition occurs because the:

CS is ignored because it doesn't predict anything reliably

Which does NOT require the cerebellum in a classical conditioning experiment?

unconditioned response

A conditioned eyeblink response can be produced by stimulating:

The inferior olive as the US.

classical conditioning

a form of learning in which an animal acquires the expectation that a stimulus will predict a certain upcoming event

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

a cue that will already naturally invoke a response, usually biological like food

Unconditioned Response (UR)

the naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A cue that is paired with an unconditioned stimulus, then elicits a conditioned response

Conditioned Response (CR)

the trained response to a conditioned stimulus in anticipation of the initial unconditioned stimulus

Appetitive conditioning

conditioning in which the US is a desirable event (food, sex)

compound conditioning

two or more cues are present together, at the same time, usually forming a compound CS

overshadowing

effect seen in compound conditioning when a more salient cue acquires more association, making it more strongly associated with the US

blocking

prior conditioning with one cue blocks later learning of second cue bc of prior association, second CS is not learned

unblocking

Disruption of the blocking effect by altering the US, enabling learning of a new cue.

prediction error

difference between what was predicted and what actually occurred

error-correction learning

learning through trial and error (tennis) to reduce the error between what is predicted and what actually occurs

The Rescorla-Wagner Model of Conditioning

model describing how the change in CS-US association is driven by the “error” between the expectation of US and the actual occurance or nonoccurance of US

latent inhibition

prior exposure to a CS defers later learning of the association because it did not have an associative relevence before

CS and US Modulation Theory

CS and US association is determined by how the CS or US is processed 

cerebellum

brain region that lies below the cerebral cortex in the back of the head

purkinje cell

large, drop-shaped branching neuron in the cerebellar cortex, where second branch travels up across parallel fibers, and then connects to this cell

interpositus nucleus

one of the deep cerebellar nuclei - this is where the conditioned response is generated

inferior olive

located in the brainstem, nucleus of cell that conveys information about an unexpected stimuli (airpuff) up to both the interpositus nucleus and the cerebellar cortex

The Hippocampus in CS Modulation

• can determine how salient a cue is,, animals without hippocampi do not experience latent inhibition

• Unnecessary for learning conditioned responses

extinction

the process of a learned response not mattering anymore because CS is repeated in a different association now ( jingle on house = no icecream like before)

Extinction is not just unlearning, it is __

a combination of unlearning and learning a new unrelated response to the CS

og learned response is just unexpressed

acquisition

CS “acquires” a new “do not respond” (jingle on house), that competes with the original “do respond” (jingle on icecream truck)

spontaneous recovery

original stim not forgotten, just dormant

ex. Dr. Mennie not going to church even though she’s not opposed and has gone before