Introduction to human body and cells

Anatomy

Science of body structure

Relationship revealed via dissection

Structure body and physical relationship between parts

Physiology

Science of body functions

How systems work and the way they maintain health of an individual

Pathophysiology

Study of abnormalities and how they affect body functions

Often cause illness

Pharmacology

Study of drugs

What they do to us

What we do to them

Gross/ macroscopic anatomy

Structures seen without microscope

Seen with naked eye

Regional anatomy

Body organised into defined parts

E.g neck

Pelvis

Thorax

Systemic anatomy

Gross anatomy of bodily systems

E.g respiratory

Musculoskeletal

Nervous

Endocrine

Surface anatomy

Structure of internal structures in relation to overlying skin surface

Studied by sight with no direction

Palpation

Feel body surface with hands

E.g pulse heart rate

Auscultation

Listen to body sounds evaluate function of organs

E.g listen to lungs or heart

Percussion

Tapping body surface to listen to resulting echo

Microscopic anatomy

Study of structures too small to see with naked eye

Use microscope

Cytology

Study of cellular anatomy

Histology

Study of structure of tissues

Developmental anatomy

Structural changes in individuals from, conception to old age

Embryology

Study of developmental changes occur before birth

Level of organisation

Chemical

Molecular

Cellular

Tissue

Organs

Organ systems

Organism

Why have anatomical terminology

Clinicians describe identity and record location of disorder

Damage to your body or organ

Decipher medial notes and conditions

Clinical handover

Anatomical position

Body erect with feet together

Palm face forward

Thumbs point away from body

Used to describe locations and position

Supine

Lying up

Prone

Body facing down

Directional term superior (cranial, cephalic)

Direction towards head or upper part of a structure or body

Inferior (caudal)

Away from head end towards the lower part of a structure or the body

anterior (ventral)

Front of body

Posterior

Back of body

Medial

Towards midline

Lateral

Direction away from midline of body

Intermediate

Between two structures

Between medial and lateral

Proximal

Closer to the origin of body part

Or point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Distal

Farther from, the origin of a body part

or point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Superficial

Towards or at body surface

Skin superficial skeleton

Deep

Direction away from body surface

Internal

Ipsilateral

Same side of body

Contralateral

Opposite sides of body

Parietal

Outer wall of body cavity

Visceral

Covering organ within ventral body cavity

Sagittal plane

Divide body left and right

Frontal plane

Divide body into anterior and posterior

Transverse

Horizontal plane divide body into superior and inferior parts

Axial

Main axis of body

Head neck trunk

Appendicular

Limbs attached to body

Appendages

Main body cavities

Cranial

Vertebral

Thoracic cavity

Abdominal

Pelvic

What’s in the thoracic cavity

Pleural cavity

Mediastinum cavity (trachea)

Pericardial

What’s in the abdominal cavity

Intestines

Spleen

Stomach

What’s in the pelvic cavity

Bladder

Reproductive organs

Small cavities

Oral and digestive

Nasal

Orbital

Middle ear

Synovial

Vertebral column

Flexible bony column

Base skull to small of back

Right hypochondriac region

Right liver lobe

Epigastric

Stomach

Left liver lobe

Left hypochondriac region

Stomach

Right lumbar

Gallbladder

Ascending colon

Umbilical region

Small intestine

Transverse colon

Left lumbar region

Descending colon

Right iliac

Caecum

Appendix

Hypogastric

Urinary bladder

Left iliac

Initial portion of the sigmoid colon

Abdominopelvic quadrants

One transverse cut

One median sagittal cut

Intersect through umbilical cord

Four quadrants

Right upper quadrant

Left upper quadrant

Right lower quadrant

Left lower quadrant

What is a cell

Small basic unit of life

Responsible for life’s processes

How many cells does an adult male have

36 trillion

How many cells does an adult female have

28 trillion

How many cells does a 10 yr old have

17 trillion

Cellular functions

Structure and support cell wall and membrane

Growth via cell division

Active and passive transport of substances through membrane

Drive metabolic processes Chemical reactions that take place in cell

Produce energy

Mitosis

Diploid body cells

Meiosis

Haploid sex cells

Largest cell in human body

Ovum

Smallest cell in human body

Sperm cell

Head length roughly 4 micrometers

Prokaryotes

No nucleus

Eukaryotes

Nucleus

Prokaryotes examples

Bacteria

Archaea

Always unicellular

Eukaryotes examples

Animals

Plants

Fungi

Protists

Can be both multicellular and unicellular

Prokaryotes size

0.2 - 2 micrometers in diameter

Eukaryotes size

10 -100 micrometers

In diameter

Prokaryotes dna

Circular dna

Plasmids

Eukaryotes dna

Liners dna

Arranged in chromosomes with histones

In nucleus

Prokaryotes ribosomes

70s

Consist of 30s and 50s subunits

Eukaryotes ribosomes

80s

Compromise of 40s and 60s subunits

Prokaryotes reproduction

Binary fission

Eukaryotes reproduction

Mitosis and meiosis

Name 4 types of bacteria shapes

Bacillus

Coccus

Vibrio

Spirillum

Bacillus

Rod like

Coccus

Spherical

Vibrio

Comma shaped

Spirillum

Spiral

What structures do antibiotics target

Cell wall

Bacterial ribosomes. Stop protein synthesis and bacterial growth

Cell membrane pharmacy link

Control what drug enters cells

Critical for absorption and distribution

Pharmacokinetics

Why are cells important in pharmacy

How diseases develop

Used in drug discovery to see drugs safety and efficacy

Drug delivery system

Medicines work by altering cells processes

Needed in manufacturing pharmaceuticals

Cancer medicines

Cancer occur when cell grow uncontrollably

Anticancer drug target dna replication or cell division

Understanding cell function help develop better treatments

Therapeutic agents and delivery

Carry drug where it’s needed so less side effects

Higher conc at disease so works better

Lower dose needed so safe for the patient

ADC stand for

Antibody drug conjugates

What is a part of an ADC

Antibody

Linker

Cytotoxic payload/ drug. Extremely potent

How do ADCs work

(Used for cancer cell)

ADC enter blood stream via injection

The monoclonal antibody sticks to only the specific antigen on the target cell

Attachment → ADC gets taken into the cell

Release → linker breaks and payload released

Cell death

Healthy cells spared

Cleavable linker

Break apart by purpose inside the cell

Could be due to low pH

Enzymes

High glutathione

Cons

Might break too early in blood drug then released where it shouldn’t be

Less stable during circulation

Non-cleavable linkers

Don’t break on their own

ADC get eaten by deli then break

Pros

Super stable drug stays attached in blood

Won’t get accidental released and easier to predict its behaviour

Cons

Needs whole ADC to be taken in cell

No bystander affect only kills cell attached to

Advantage of ADC

Targeted delivery

Minimum side effects

Maximum effect