Philippine History: Historiography, Early Expeditions, the Katipunan, and Revolutionary Events

Comprehensive practice flashcards defining key terminology, historians, source classifications, Pigafetta's voyage details, the Cavite Mutiny, and the Katipunan revolution.

Historia

The Greek word meaning inquiry or investigation (pagsisiyasat), from which the concept of history originated.

Kasaysayan (Dr. Zeus Salazar)

A narrative concerning the past that possesses relevance and significance for one's own group, recounted using one's own language and culture.

Kasaysayan (Dr. Renato Constantino)

The recorded account of the collective cooperation of ordinary citizens working toward achieving comfort, well-being, and genuine prosperity (kaginhawahan).

Kasaysayan (Dr. Augusto De Viana)

A word broken down into morphological components: "Ka-" referring to relationship or unity, "saysay" meaning important, significant, or of value, and "-an" indicating dialogue, discourse, or the mutual sharing of ideas.

Pantayong Pananaw

A historiographical framework pioneered by Dr. Zeus Salazar that entails the telling of Philippine history by Filipinos for the benefit of fellow Filipinos, using the Filipino language and cultural lens.

Primary Sources (Primaryang Batis)

Written or unwritten materials, artifacts, or individuals that were direct eyewitnesses to an event as it unfolded.

Secondary Sources (Sekondaryang Batis)

Historical accounts produced by entities that were not direct witnesses to events, but summarize, interpret, or present information derived from primary sources.

Artipakto (Liktao)

Material objects made, shaped, and used by humans in ancient times and excavated by archaeologists, also termed "liktao" from the work of Prof. Zeus Salazar.

Relikya

Physical biological remains of formerly living organisms, including human and animal bones as well as plant imprints preserved in rocks or caves.

External Criticism (Kritikong Panlabas)

The critical analysis that evaluates the authenticity and physical genuineness of a historical source, often involving textual restitution to restore an altered document to its original state.

Internal Criticism (Kritikong Panloob)

A deeper textual analysis of the substance, truthfulness, and exact meaning embedded within the content of a historical document.

Pambansang Museo

Located in Manila in the former Commonwealth legislative building, it serves as a repository housing major national primary relics such as a Butuan balangay boat section, Juan Luna's Spoliarium, the Manunggul Jar, and the Lingling-o earring.

Teodoro Agoncillo

A prominent Filipino historian (1912–1985) who highlighted Philippine history from the perspective of Filipinos, known for authoring "History of the Filipino People" and "The Revolt of the Masses."

Reynaldo C. Ileto

A Filipino historian renowned for authoring "Pasyon and Revolution," which examined the influence of religion, popular culture, and the grassroots perspective of the masses on social uprisings.

William Henry Scott

An American-born historian (1921–1993) who made foundational contributions to the study of pre-colonial Philippine society and the Cordillera region, authoring "Barangay: Sixteenth-Century Philippine Culture and Society."

Antonio Pigafetta

An Italian scholar, traveler, and chronicler from Vicenza, Italy, who accompanied Ferdinand Magellan in 1519 and documented the voyage in detail.

Magellan Expedition Fleet

The five ships that departed Sanlúcar de Barrameda, Spain on September 20, 1519, carrying approximately 270 men toward the Spice Islands: Trinidad, San Antonio, Conception, Victoria, and Santiago.

Islas de los Ladrones

The European name meaning "Islands of Thieves" given to the Mariana Islands (specifically Guam) reached on March 6, 1521, inhabited by ancestors of the Chamorro.

Battle of Mactan

The battle fought at dawn on April 27, 1521, between Magellan's expedition forces and the local leader Lapu-Lapu, in which Ferdinand Magellan was wounded multiple times and killed.

First Catholic Mass in the Philippines

The religious service celebrated on Easter Sunday, March 31, 1521, officiated by Padre Pedro de Valderrama, attended by Rajah Kolambu and Rajah Siagu following a blood compact (Sanduguan).

Republic Act No. 2733

A 1960 Philippine legislative enactment that officially declared Limasawa, Southern Leyte as the true location of the First Mass in the Philippines, a position reaffirmed by the NHCP in 2020.

Francisco Albo's Logbook

The navigational journal written by the pilot of the ship Trinidad that records a latitude reading of $9^\circ 40'\text{ N}$, serving as a crucial primary source confirming Limasawa as the First Mass site.

Cavite Mutiny (1872)

The January 20, 1872 uprising at Fort San Felipe led by Sergeant Fernando La Madrid, sparked by Governor-General Rafael de Izquierdo's repeal of soldier and worker exemptions from tribute and polo y servicio.

GOMBURZA Execution

The execution by garrote of Filipino secular priests Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora at Bagumbayan on February 17, 1872, following Spanish accusations linking them to the Cavite Mutiny.

Katipon

The first membership rank in the Katipunan organization, symbolized by the color black and utilizing the password "anak ng bayan."

Kawal

The second membership grade of the Katipunan, designated by the color green and the password "GomBurZa," assigned to members demonstrating higher trust and responsibility.

Bayani (Katipunan Rank)

The highest operational grade of Katipunan membership, designated by the color red, reserved for the most trusted leaders with extensive responsibilities.

Katipunan Pen Names (Sagisag)

Clandestine aliases used by Katipuneros to safeguard identities: Maypagasa / May Pag-asa (Andres Bonifacio), Pingkian (Emilio Jacinto), Magdalo (Emilio Aguinaldo), Vibora (Artemio Ricarte), Mainam (Mariano Álvarez), and Madlang-Away (Pío Valenzuela).

Cry of Pugad Lawin

The August 23, 1896 assembly of approximately 1,000 Katipuneros in the yard of Juan Ramos (son of Tandang Sora), where members tore their tax certificates (cedulas) and declared revolution against Spain.

Tejeros Convention

The March 22, 1897 assembly convened to settle revolutionary leadership, where Emilio Aguinaldo was elected President and Andres Bonifacio was elected Director of the Interior, which Bonifacio subsequently annulled after Daniel Tirona disputed his qualifications.

Magdalo and Magdiwang

The two factional Katipunan councils in Cavite, led by Emilio Aguinaldo and Mariano Álvarez respectively, whose jurisdictional conflicts led to the restructuring of the revolutionary government.