Criminal Justice Test #2 (Chapter 5-8 Book)

urban cohorts

ancient roman guards with functions similar to today’s police

vigils

ancient roman officials charged with the control of fires and crime fighting

night watch

an early form of police patrol in English cities and towns

bow street runners

an early English police unit formed under the leadership of Henry Fielding, magistrate of the Bow Street

slave patrols

groups of local men, who prior to the American Civil War, were charged with enforcing Southern slave rebellions, and capturing runaway slaves

slave codes

state laws in most pre Civil War Southern states that regulated the activities of slaves, provided punishments for violators, and required slave owners to enforce the code

vigilantism

the art of taking the law into one’s own hands

scientific police management

the application of social science techniques to the study of police adminstration for the purpose of increasing effectiveness, reducing the frequency of citizen complaints, and engancing the efficient use of available resources

directed patrol

a police management strategy designed to increase the productivity of patrol officers through the scientific analysis and evaluation of patrol techniques

federal law enforcement agency

a US government agency or office whose primary functional responsibility is to enforce federal criminal laws

sworn officer

a law enforcement officer who is trained and empowered to perform full police duties, such as making arrests, conducting investigations, and carrying firearms

crime prevention

the anticipation, recognition, and appraisal of a crime risk and the initiation of action to eliminate or reduce it

quality of life offense

a minor violation of the law that may demoralize community residents and businesspeople

• acst that create physical disorder or that reflect social decay

responsive time

a measure of the time that it takes for police officers to respond to calls of service

criminal investigation

the process of discovering, collecting preparing, identifying and presenting evidence to determine what happened and who is responsible when a crime has occurred

crime scene

the physical area in which a crime is thought to have occurred and in which evidence of the crime is thought to reside

preliminary investigation

all of the activities undertaken by a police officer who responds to the scene of a crime, including determining whether a crime has occurred, securing the crime scene, and preserving evidence

crime scene investigator

an expert trained in the use of forensic’s techniques, such as gathering DNA evidence, collecting fingerprints, photographing the scene, sketching, and interviewing witnesses

solvability factor

information about a crime that forms the basis for determining the perpetrators identity

police management

the administrative activities of controlling, directing, and coordinating police personnel, resources, and activities in the service of preventing crime, apprehending criminals, recovering stolen property, and performing regulatory and helping services

line operations

in police organizations, the field activities or supervisory activities directly related to day to day police work

staff operations

in police organizations, activities (such as administration and training) that provide support for the line operations

chain of command

the unbroken line of authority that extends through all levels of an organization, from the highest to the lowest

span of control

the number of police personnel or the number of units supervised by a particular commander

team policing

the reorganization of conventional patrol strategies into an “integrated and versatile team assigned to a fixed district

strategic policing

a type of policing that retains the traditional police goal of professional crime fighting but enlarges the enforcement target to include nontraditional kids of criminals, such as serial offenders, gangs and criminal associations, drug distribution networks, and sophisticated white collar and computer criminals

problem solving policing

a type of policing that assumes that crimes can be controlled by uncovering and effectively addressing the underlying social problems that cause crime

• attempts to involve citizens in crime prevention through education, negotiation, and conflict management

intelligence led policing

the collection and analysis of information to produce an intelligence end product designed to inform police decision making at both the tactical and strategic levels

criminal intelligence

information compiled, analyzed, or disseminated in an effort to anticipate, prevent, or monitor criminal activity